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| Author | Loveland, K.A. | ||||
| Title | Self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: ecological considerations | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Consciousness and Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Conscious Cogn |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 254-257 |
| Keywords | Animals; Attention; *Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/*psychology; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Male; *Self Concept; *Social Environment; Species Specificity; Television; *Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77025, USA | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1053-8100 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8521267 | Approved | no | ||
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4161 | ||
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| Author | Marten, K.; Psarakos, S. | ||||
| Title | Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Consciousness and Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Conscious Cogn |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 205-224 |
| Keywords | Animal Communication; Animals; *Attention; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; *Self Concept; *Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | In mirror mark tests dolphins twist, posture, and engage in open-mouth and head movements, often repetitive. Because postures and an open mouth are also dolphin social behaviors, we used self-view television as a manipulatable mirror to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior. Two dolphins were exposed to alternating real-time self-view (“mirror mode”) and playback of the same to determine if they distinguished between them. The adult male engaged in elaborate open-mouth behaviors in mirror mode, but usually just watched when played back the same material. Mirror mode behavior was also compared to interacting with real dolphins (controls). Mark tests were conducted, as well as switches from front to side self-views to see if the dolphins turned. They presented marked areas to the self-view television and turned. The results suggest self-examination over social behavior. | ||||
| Address | Earthtrust, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1053-8100 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8521259 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4164 | ||
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| Author | Nelson, E.E.; Shelton, S.E.; Kalin, N.H. | ||||
| Title | Individual differences in the responses of naive rhesus monkeys to snakes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Emotion (Washington, D.C.) | Abbreviated Journal | Emotion |
| Volume | 3 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-11 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Arousal; Attention; Escape Reaction; *Fear; Female; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; *Individuality; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Phobic Disorders/psychology; *Snakes | ||||
| Abstract | The authors demonstrated individual differences in inhibited behavior and withdrawal responses of laboratory-born rhesus monkeys when initially exposed to a snake. Most monkeys displayed a small significant increase in their behavioral inhibition in the presence of a snake. A few monkeys had marked responses, and some actively withdrew. Although the responses of the most extreme laboratory-born monkeys were comparable to feral-born monkeys, the responses of the laboratory-born monkeys rapidly habituated. The individual differences in the responses of naive monkeys likely reflect a continuum from orienting to wariness to fear. A neurobiological model is presented that addresses potential mechanisms underlying these individual differences, their relation to fear, and how they may predispose to phobia development. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53719-1176, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1528-3542 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12899313 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4174 | ||
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| Author | Range, F.; Huber, L. | ||||
| Title | Attention in common marmosets: implications for social-learning experiments | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1033-1041 |
| Keywords | attention; Callithrix jacchus; common marmoset; imitation; social learning | ||||
| Abstract | The question whether a certain species is or is not able to imitate has received much recent attention. However, the ability to copy a demonstrated action might depend not only on the imitative ability of the observer but also on its attention, a factor widely neglected in discussions and experiments. Since attention differs between species as well as between individuals, it is likely to influence the amount and type of information different species and/or observers may extract from a given demonstration. We studied attention in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus. In a series of experimental sessions, individual marmosets watched different conspecific models that were searching, manipulating an object and feeding. The observers could see the demonstration through two observation holes, which allowed us to measure exactly how often and for how long they watched the model. Marmosets were more attentive towards conspecifics engaged in a problem-solving task than an exploring model. Individual variation in attention was large, ranging from less than 10% to over 49%. Attention also depended on the identity of the model with an increase in attention if it was of the opposite sex. Overall, attention of marmosets was short with a median duration of 6 s while the model manipulated an object. This study measured the real interest of the observer towards a model, which could be an important variable in social-learning experiments. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4208 | ||
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| Author | Proops, L.; McComb, K.; Reby, D. | ||||
| Title | Cross-modal individual vocal recognition in the domestic horse | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | IESM 2008 | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | social cognition, animal-human interaction, horses, attention | ||||
| Abstract | Horses fulfill many of the criteria for a species in which it would be adaptive to be capable of individual recognition: they are highly social, form strong and long lasting bonds, their affiliations are rarely kin based, they have a fission-fusion social structure and they possess inter and intra-group dominance hierarchies. We used a novel cross-modal, expectancy violation paradigm to provide the first systematic evidence that a non-human animal – the domestic horse- is capable of cross modal recognition. We believe this paradigm could provide an ideal way to study individual recognition across a wide range of species. For full published details see: Proops L, McComb K, Reby D (2009) Cross-modal individual recognition in domestic horses (Equus caballus). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 947-951. |
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| Address | Centre for Mammal Vocal Communication Research, Psychology department, | ||||
| Corporate Author | Proops, L | Thesis | |||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | IESM 2008 | ||
| Notes | Talk 15 min IESM 2008 | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4469 | ||
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| Author | Takimoto, A.; Fujita, K. | ||||
| Title | Are horses (Equus caballus) sensitive to human attentional states? | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | IESM 2008 | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Horses; Attentional state; Begging behavior | ||||
| Abstract | The ability to reliably detect what others are attending to seems important for social species to interact with their partners. Domestic horses (Equus caballus) have lived with humans for over five thousand years, hence they might have developed sensitivity to human attention. In the present study, we investigated whether horses would discriminate the situation in which a human experimenter could see them from the situation in which she could not. Specifically, we tested whether horses understand the role of eyes in human attentional states, produce more visual gestures when the experimenter can see their begging behaviors and produce more auditory or tactile gestures when she can not. We used with a slight modification the paradigm that previously yielded support for chimpanzee understanding of human attention (Hostetter et al. 2007). Twelve horses were offered food by the experimenter who showed various attentional states in front of them. We scored frequency of begging behaviors by the horses. In experiment 1, we set three kinds of condition: hand over the eyes, hand over the mouth and away. In the last condition there was only a food in front of horses, which was a control condition. The results showed that horses produced more auditory or tactile begging behaviors when the experimenter“s eyes were not visible than when her eyes were visible, but there was no difference in visual begging behaviors. In experiment 2, we set two kinds of condition: eyes closed and eyes open. The horses also produced more auditory or tactile begging behaviors when the experimenter”s eyes were closed than when they were open. However, there was no difference in visual begging behaviors. These results show that horses discriminate the situation in which humans can see from that in which humans can not. Of special interest, horses increased only auditory or tactile behaviors, not all types of communicative behaviors, when the experimenter could not see their begging behaviors. This result suggests that horses are sensitive to human attentional states. Moreover, horses may do recognize the eyes as an important indicator of whether or not humans will respond to their behavior and they may be able to behave flexibly depending upon human attentional states | ||||
| Address | Kyoto University | ||||
| Corporate Author | Takimoto, A. | Thesis | |||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | IESM 2008 | ||
| Notes | Poster IESM 2008 | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4481 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Proops, L.; McComb, K.; Reby, D. | ||||
| Title | Horse-human interactions: Attention attribution and the use of human cues by domestic horses (Equus caballus). | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | IESM 2008 | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | social cognition; animal-human interaction; horses; attention | ||||
| Abstract | Recent research has shown that domestic dogs are particularly good at reading human attentional cues, often outperforming chimpanzees and hand reared wolves [1, 2]. It has been suggested that the close evolutionary relationship between humans and dogs has led to the development of this ability, however very few other species have been studied [3]. We tested the ability of 24 domestic horses to discriminate between an attentive and inattentive person when choosing whom to approach for food. While the attentive person faced forwards, the inattentive person either stood with their body turned 180° away from the subject (body orientation condition), stood with their body facing forwards but their head facing away (head orientation condition) or stood facing forwards but with their eyes closed (eyes closed condition). A fourth, mixed condition was included where the attentive person stood with their body facing away from the subjects but their head turned towards the subject while the inattentive person stood with their body facing the subject but their head turned away. Horses chose the attentive person significantly more often using the body cue (n = 24, k = 19, p = 0.003), the head cue (n = 24, k = 18, p = 0.011), and the eye cue (n = 24, k = 19, p = 0.003) but not the mixed cue (n = 24, k = 13, p = 0.42). In an additional pilot study, horses were tested in an object choice task. A human experimenter cued one of two buckets by either tapping the bucket (tap condition), orienting their body towards the bucket and pointing (body and point condition), pointing while facing forwards (point condition) or orienting their body towards the bucket (body condition). If the subjects chose the correct bucket they were rewarded. Subjects were able to use the tap cue (n = 31, k = 21, p = 0.035), body + point cue (n= 31, k = 21, p = 0.035) and the point cue (n = 30, k = 21, p = 0.021) but not the body cue (n = 31, k = 11, p = 0.076). These results taken together suggest that domestic horses are also very sensitive to human attentional cues, including gaze. Keywords: social cognition, animal-human interaction, horses, attention attribution, domestication 1. Hare, B., Brown, M., Williamson, C., and Tomasello, M. (2002). The domestication of social cognition in dogs. Science 298, 1634-1636. 2. Gacsi, M., Miklosi, A., Varga, O., Topal, J., and Csanyi, V. (2004). Are readers of our face readers of our minds` Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human’s attention. Animal Cognition 7, 144-153. 3. Hare, B., and Tomasello, M. (2005). Human-like social skills in dogs? Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 439-444. |
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| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Proops, L. | Thesis | |||
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| ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | IESM 2008 | ||
| Notes | Poster IESM 2008 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4502 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Vallortigara, G.; Rogers, L.J. | ||||
| Title | Survival with an asymmetrical brain: advantages and disadvantages of cerebral lateralization | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | The Behavioral and Brain Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Behav Brain Sci |
| Volume | 28 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 575-89; discussion 589-633 |
| Keywords | Animals; Attention/*physiology; Behavior/*physiology; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Dominance, Cerebral/*physiology; *Evolution; Humans; Models, Biological; Visual Perception/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Recent evidence in natural and semi-natural settings has revealed a variety of left-right perceptual asymmetries among vertebrates. These include preferential use of the left or right visual hemifield during activities such as searching for food, agonistic responses, or escape from predators in animals as different as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. There are obvious disadvantages in showing such directional asymmetries because relevant stimuli may be located to the animal's left or right at random; there is no a priori association between the meaning of a stimulus (e.g., its being a predator or a food item) and its being located to the animal's left or right. Moreover, other organisms (e.g., predators) could exploit the predictability of behavior that arises from population-level lateral biases. It might be argued that lateralization of function enhances cognitive capacity and efficiency of the brain, thus counteracting the ecological disadvantages of lateral biases in behavior. However, such an increase in brain efficiency could be obtained by each individual being lateralized without any need to align the direction of the asymmetry in the majority of the individuals of the population. Here we argue that the alignment of the direction of behavioral asymmetries at the population level arises as an “evolutionarily stable strategy” under “social” pressures occurring when individually asymmetrical organisms must coordinate their behavior with the behavior of other asymmetrical organisms of the same or different species. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology and B.R.A.I.N. Centre for Neuroscience, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy. vallorti@univ.trieste.it | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0140-525X | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16209828 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4622 | ||
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| Author | Virányi, Z.; Topál, J.; Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V. | ||||
| Title | Dogs respond appropriately to cues of humans' attentional focus | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 66 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 161-172 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Communication; *Cues; Dogs; Humans; Recognition (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | Dogs' ability to recognise cues of human visual attention was studied in different experiments. Study 1 was designed to test the dogs' responsiveness to their owner's tape-recorded verbal commands (Down!) while the Instructor (who was the owner of the dog) was facing either the dog or a human partner or none of them, or was visually separated from the dog. Results show that dogs were more ready to follow the command if the Instructor attended them during instruction compared to situations when the Instructor faced the human partner or was out of sight of the dog. Importantly, however, dogs showed intermediate performance when the Instructor was orienting into 'empty space' during the re-played verbal commands. This suggests that dogs are able to differentiate the focus of human attention. In Study 2 the same dogs were offered the possibility to beg for food from two unfamiliar humans whose visual attention (i.e. facing the dog or turning away) was systematically varied. The dogs' preference for choosing the attentive person shows that dogs are capable of using visual cues of attention to evaluate the human actors' responsiveness to solicit food-sharing. The dogs' ability to understand the communicatory nature of the situations is discussed in terms of their social cognitive skills and unique evolutionary history. | ||||
| Address | Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary. zsofi.viranyi@freemail.hu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15110918 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4957 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Schwab, C.; Huber, L. | ||||
| Title | Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 120 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 169-175 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; Awareness; *Bonding, Human-Pet; *Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; Humans; Motivation; *Nonverbal Communication; Social Perception; *Speech Perception; *Verbal Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were tested in a familiar context in a series of 1-min trials on how well they obeyed after being told by their owner to lie down. Food was used in 1/3 of all trials, and during the trial the owner engaged in 1 of 5 activities. The dogs behaved differently depending on the owner's attention to them. When being watched by the owner, the dogs stayed lying down most often and/or for the longest time compared with when the owner read a book, watched TV, turned his or her back on them, or left the room. These results indicate that the dogs sensed the attentional state of their owners by judging observable behavioral cues such as eye contact and eye, head, and body orientation. | ||||
| Address | Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. cpriberskyschwab@yahoo.de | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16893253 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4961 | ||
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