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	Author	Menges, R.W.; Furcolow, M.L.; Selby, L.A.; Habermann, R.T.; Smith, C.D.
	Title	Ecologic studies of histoplasmosis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1967	Publication	American Journal of Epidemiology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Epidemiol
	Volume	85	Issue	1	Pages	108-119
	Keywords	Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antibodies/analysis; Carnivora; Cats; Cattle; Child; Child, Preschool; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histoplasma/isolation & purification; Histoplasmin; Histoplasmosis/epidemiology/immunology; Horses; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kansas; Male; Marsupialia; Mice; Middle Aged; Missouri; Rabbits; Skin Tests; Soil Microbiology; Swine
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9262	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5334640			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2747
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	Author	Schmidt, R.; Amrhein, V.; Kunc, H.P.; Naguib, M.
	Title	The day after: effects of vocal interactions on territory defence in nightingales			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	The Journal of Animal Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	T. J. Anim. Ecol.
	Volume	76	Issue	1	Pages	168-173
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Male; Songbirds/physiology; Territoriality; Time Factors; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology
	Abstract	1. Models on territory acquisition and tenure predict that territorial animals benefit by adjusting territorial defence behaviour to previous challenges they had experienced within the socially complex environment of communication networks. 2. Here, we addressed such issues of social cognition by investigating persisting effects of vocal contests on territory defence behaviour in nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos (Brehm). 3. Using interactive playback during nocturnal song of subjects, a rival was simulated to countersing either aggressively (by song overlapping) or moderately (by song alternating) from outside the subjects' territory. Thereby, the time-specific singing strategy provided an experimentally controlled source of information on the motivation of an unfamiliar rival. 4. Expecting that nightingales integrate information with time, the same rival was simulated to return as a moderately singing intruder on the following morning. 5. The results show that the vigour with which male nightingales responded to the simulated intrusion of an opponent during the day depended on the nature of the nocturnal vocal interaction experienced several hours before. 6. Males that had received the song overlapping playback the preceding night approached the simulated intruder more quickly and closer and sang more songs near the loudspeaker than did males that had received a song alternating playback. 7. This adjustment of territory defence strategies depending on information from prior signalling experience suggests that integrating information with time plays an important part in territory defence by affecting a male's decision making in a communication network.
	Address	Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100 131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. rouven.schmidt@uni-bielefeld.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8790	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17184365			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2749
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	Author	Pere, M.C.
	Title	Maternal and fetal blood levels of glucose, lactate, fructose, and insulin in the conscious pig			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	73	Issue	10	Pages	2994-2999
	Keywords	Animals; Blood Glucose/analysis; Catheterization/methods/veterinary; Consciousness/physiology; Female; Fetal Blood/chemistry; Fructose/analysis/blood; Insulin/analysis/blood; Lactates/analysis/blood; Pregnancy; Swine/blood/physiology
	Abstract	To study nutrition and metabolism in the fetal pig, a chronic catheterization method was developed that allows blood sampling in arteries and veins, at both the umbilical and uterine sources, in the conscious, unstressed animal. A catheter was inserted in the fetal aorta through a femoral artery, and another one was introduced in the umbilical vein. A catheter was put in a femoral artery of the sow so that its end was in the abdominal aorta. A fourth catheter was placed in a uterine vein draining the fetoplacental unit studied. This procedure was applied to 18 Large White primiparous sows at 99 d of gestation. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously using the four catheters before a meal at 103 d of pregnancy, and glucose, insulin, lactate, and fructose were determinated. Glycemia was 2.5 times higher in the sow than in the fetus. The extraction coefficient of glucose by the fetus amounted to 14% of the umbilical supply. The insulin level in the fetal pig was very low ( < 5 microU/mL). Lactate and fructose seemed to originate from the placenta. Blood lactate was 2.6 times lower in the sow than in the fetus, and its extraction coefficient by the fetus amounted to 8%. Fructose in the fetal blood was 2.3 times higher than that of glucose. Fructose was not utilized by the pig fetus. The present results obtained in the fetal pig are comparable to the conclusions drawn from studies with other species.
	Address	Station de Recherches Porcines, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Gilles, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8617670			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2751
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	Author	Washburn, D.A.; Smith, J.D.; Shields, W.E.
	Title	Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) immediately generalize the uncertain response			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	32	Issue	2	Pages	185-189
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Cognition; Discrimination Learning; Generalization (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; *Uncertainty
	Abstract	Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have learned, like humans, to use an uncertain response adaptively under test conditions that create uncertainty, suggesting a metacognitive process by which human and nonhuman primates may monitor their confidence and alter their behavior accordingly. In this study, 4 rhesus monkeys generalized their use of the uncertain response, without additional training, to 2 familiar tasks (2-choice discrimination learning and mirror-image matching to sample) that predictably and demonstrably produce uncertainty. The monkeys were significantly less likely to use the uncertain response on trials in which the answer might be known. These results indicate that monkeys, like humans, know when they do not know and that they can learn to use a symbol as a generalized means for indicating their uncertainty.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30303, USA. dwashhburn@gsu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16634662			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2760
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	Author	Brannon, E.M.; Cantlon, J.F.; Terrace, H.S.
	Title	The role of reference points in ordinal numerical comparisons by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	32	Issue	2	Pages	120-134
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Discrimination (Psychology); Generalization (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual
	Abstract	Two experiments examined ordinal numerical knowledge in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Experiment 1 replicated the finding (E. M. Brannon & H. S. Terrace, 2000) that monkeys trained to respond in descending numerical order (4-->3-->2-->1) did not generalize the descending rule to the novel values 5-9 in contrast to monkeys trained to respond in ascending order. Experiment 2 examined whether the failure to generalize a descending rule was due to the direction of the training sequence or to the specific values used in the training sequence. Results implicated 3 factors that characterize a monkey's numerical comparison process: Weber's law, knowledge of ordinal direction, and a comparison of each value in a test pair with the reference point established by the first value of the training sequence.
	Address	Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. brannon@duke.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16634655			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2761
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	Author	Beran, M.J.; Smith, J.D.; Redford, J.S.; Washburn, D.A.
	Title	Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) monitor uncertainty during numerosity judgments			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	32	Issue	2	Pages	111-119
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Judgment; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Mathematics; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Uncertainty
	Abstract	Two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) judged arrays of dots on a computer screen as having more or fewer dots than a center value that was never presented in trials. After learning a center value, monkeys were given an uncertainty response that let them decline to make the numerosity judgment on that trial. Across center values (3-7), errors occurred most often for sets adjacent in numerosity to the center value. The monkeys also used the uncertainty response most frequently on these difficult trials. A 2nd experiment showed that monkeys' responses reflected numerical magnitude and not the surface-area illumination of the displays. This research shows that monkeys' uncertainty-monitoring capacity extends to the domain of numerical cognition. It also shows monkeys' use of the purest uncertainty response possible, uncontaminated by any secondary motivator.
	Address	Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16634654			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2762
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Nissani, M.
	Title	Do Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) apply causal reasoning to tool-use tasks?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	32	Issue	1	Pages	91-96
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning, Operant; Decision Making; Discrimination (Psychology); Elephants; Female
	Abstract	Two experiments addressed contradictory claims about causal reasoning in elephants. In Experiment 1, 4 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were pretrained to remove a lid from the top of a bucket and retrieve a food reward. Subsequently, in the first 5 critical trials, when the lid was placed alongside the bucket and no longer obstructed access to the reward, each elephant continued to remove the lid before retrieving the reward. Experiment 2, which involved 11 additional elephants and variations of the original design, yielded similarly counterintuitive observations. Although the results are open to alternative interpretations, they appear more consistent with associative learning than with causal reasoning. Future applications of Fabrean methodologies (J. H. Fabre, 1915) to animal cognition are proposed.
	Address	Departmetn of Interdisciplinary Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. moti.nissani@wayne.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16435969			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2763
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	Author	Vlamings, P.H.J.M.; Uher, J.; Call, J.
	Title	How the great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) perform on the reversed contingency task: the effects of food quantity and food visibility			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	32	Issue	1	Pages	60-70
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Female; Food; Gorilla gorilla/psychology; Learning; Male; Pan paniscus/psychology; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Pongo pygmaeus/psychology; *Visual Perception
	Abstract	S. T. Boysen and G. G. Berntson (1995) found that chimpanzees performed poorly on a reversed contingency task in which they had to point to the smaller of 2 food quantities to acquire the larger quantity. The authors compared the performance of 4 great ape species (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) on the reversed contingency task while manipulating food quantity (0-4 or 1-4) and food visibility (visible pairs or covered pairs). Results showed no systematic species differences but large individual differences. Some individuals of each species were able to solve the reversed contingency task. Both quantity and visibility of the food items had a significant effect on performance. Subjects performed better when the disparity between quantities was smaller and the quantities were not directly visible.
	Address	Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. p.vlamings@psychology.unimaas.nl
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16435965			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2765
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Beran, M.J.; Beran, M.M.; Harris, E.H.; Washburn, D.A.
	Title	Ordinal judgments and summation of nonvisible sets of food items by two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	31	Issue	3	Pages	351-362
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chi-Square Distribution; Cognition; Color Perception/physiology; Female; Food; Judgment/physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Serial Learning/*physiology; Size Perception
	Abstract	Two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque rapidly learned the ordinal relations between 5 colors of containers (plastic eggs) when all containers of a given color contained a specific number of identical food items. All 3 animals also performed at high levels when comparing sets of containers with sets of visible food items. This indicates that the animals learned the approximate quantity of food items in containers of a given color. However, all animals failed in a summation task, in which a single container was compared with a set of 2 containers of a lesser individual quantity but a greater combined quantity. This difficulty was not overcome by sequential presentation of containers into opaque receptacles, but performance improved if the quantitative difference between sizes was very large.
	Address	Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16045389			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2766
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	Author	Beran, M.J.; Pate, J.L.; Washburn, D.A.; Rumbaugh, D.M.
	Title	Sequential responding and planning in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	30	Issue	3	Pages	203-212
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Female; Goals; Learning; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Task Performance and Analysis
	Abstract	Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) selected either Arabic numerals or colored squares on a computer monitor in a learned sequence. On shift trials, the locations of 2 stimuli were interchanged at some point. More errors were made when this interchange occurred for the next 2 stimuli to be selected than when the interchange was for stimuli later in the sequence. On mask trials, all remaining stimuli were occluded after the 1st selection. Performance exceeded chance levels for only 1 selection after these masks were applied. There was no difference in performance for either stimulus type (numerals or colors). The data indicated that the animals planned only the next selection during these computerized tasks as opposed to planning the entire response sequence.
	Address	Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15279511			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2767
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