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Author | Lonon, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
Title | Transfer of value from S+ to S- in simultaneous discriminations in humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | The American journal of psychology | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Psychol |
Volume | 112 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 21-39 |
Keywords | Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; *Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; *Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
Abstract | When animals learn a simultaneous discrimination, some of the value of the positive stimulus (S+) appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (S-). The present experiments demonstrate that such value transfer can also be found in humans. In Experiment 1 humans were trained on 2 simple simultaneous discriminations, the first between a highly positive stimulus, A (1,000 points); and a negative stimulus, B (0 points); and the second between a less positive stimulus, C (100 points); and a negative stimulus, D (0 points). On test trials, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiments 2 and 3 the value of the 2 original discriminations was equated in training (A[100]B[0] and C[100]D[0]). In Experiment 2 the values of the positive stimuli were then altered (A[1,000]C[0]); again, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiment 3, however, when the values of B and D were altered (B[1,000]D[0]), participants were indifferent to A and C. Thus, the mechanism that underlies value transfer in humans appears to be related to Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Similar mechanisms may be involved in assimilation processes in social contexts. | ||||
Address | University of Kentucky, USA | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0002-9556 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:10696277 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 249 | ||
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Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
Title | Support for a theory of memory for event duration must distinguish between test-trial ambiguity and actual memory loss | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume | 72 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 467-472 |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Memory/*physiology; *Psychological Theory; Time Factors; Time Perception/physiology | ||||
Abstract | Staddon and Higa's (1999) trace-strength theory of timing and memory for event duration can account for pigeons' bias to “choose short” when retention intervals are introduced and to “choose long” when, following training with a fixed retention interval, retention intervals are shortened. However, it does not account for the failure of pigeons to choose short when the intertrial interval is distinct from the retention interval. That finding suggests that stimulus generalization (or ambiguity) between the intertrial interval and the retention interval may result in an effect that has been attributed to memory loss. Such artifacts must be eliminated before a theory of memory for event duration can be adequately tested. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:10605105 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 251 | ||
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Author | Hogan, D.E.; Zentall, T.R.; Pace, G. | ||||
Title | Control of pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by differential sample response requirements | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1983 | Publication | The American journal of psychology | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Psychol |
Volume | 96 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 37-49 |
Keywords | Animals; Association; *Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task in which sample hue and required sample-specific observing behavior provided redundant, relevant cues for correct choices. On trials that involved red and yellow hues as comparison stimuli, a fixed-ratio 16 schedule (FR 16) was required to illuminate the comparisons when the sample was red, and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates 3-sec schedule (DRL 3-sec) was required when the sample was yellow. On trials involving blue and green hues as comparison stimuli, an FR 16 schedule was required when the sample was blue and a DRL 3-sec schedule was required when the sample was green. For some pigeons, a 0-sec delay intervened between sample offset and comparison onset, whereas other pigeons experienced a random mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delay trials. Test trial performance at 0-sec delay indicated that sample-specific behavior controlled choice performance considerably more than sample hue did. Test performance was independent of whether original training involved all 0-sec delay trials or a mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delays. Sample-specific observing response requirements appear to facilitate pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by strengthening associations between the observing response and correct choice. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0002-9556 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:6859346 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 265 | ||
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Author | Nallan, G.B.; Pace, G.M.; McCoy, D.F.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
Title | The role of elicited responding in the feature-positive effect | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1983 | Publication | The American journal of psychology | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Psychol |
Volume | 96 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 377-390 |
Keywords | Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); Male; Practice (Psychology); Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | Hearst and Jenkins proposed in 1974 that elicited responding accounts for the feature-positive effect. To test this position, pigeons were exposed to a feature-positive or feature-negative discrimination between successively presented displays--one consisted of a red and a green response key and the other consisted of two green response keys. There were four main conditions: 5-5 (5-sec trials, 5-sec intertrial intervals), 5-30, 30-30, and 30-180. Conditions 5-30 and 30-180 should produce the largest amount of elicited responding, and therefore the largest feature-positive effects. A response-independent bird was yoked to each response-dependent bird to allow direct assessment of the amount of elicited responding generated by each condition. Contrary to the predictions by Hearst and Jenkins's theory, response-dependent birds showed large feature-positive effects in each condition. The largest feature-positive effect was obtained in condition 5-5. Response-independent birds produced similar results, but manifested low response rates. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0002-9556 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:6650707 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 266 | ||
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Author | Nallan, G.B.; Pace, G.M.; McCoy, D.F.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
Title | Temporal parameters of the feature positive effect | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1979 | Publication | The American journal of psychology | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Psychol |
Volume | 92 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 703-710 |
Keywords | Animals; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; *Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Male; *Time Perception | ||||
Abstract | Trial duration and intertrial interval duration were parametrically varied between groups of pigeons exposed to a discrimination involving the presence vs. the absence of a dot. Half the groups received the dot as the positive stimulus (feature positive groups) and half the groups received the dot as the negative stimulus (feature negative groups). Faster learning by the feature positive birds (feature positive effect) was found when the trial duration was short (5 sec) regardless of whether the intertrial interval was short (5 sec) or long (30 sec). No evidence for a feature positive effect was found when the trial duration was long (30 sec) regardless of the length of the intertrial interval (30 sec or 180 sec). The results suggest that short trial duration is a necessary condition for the occurrence of the feature positive effect, and neither intertrial interval nor trial duration/intertrial interval ratio are important for its occurrence. The suggestion that mechanisms underlying the feature positive effect and autoshaping might be similar was not supported by the present experiment since the trial duration/intertrial interval ration parameter appears to play an important role in autoshaping but not the feature positive effect. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0002-9556 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:532834 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 269 | ||
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Author | Krebs, J.R.; Clayton, N.S.; Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
Title | Effects of photoperiod on food-storing and the hippocampus in birds | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Neuroreport | Abbreviated Journal | Neuroreport |
Volume | 6 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 1701-1704 |
Keywords | Animals; Birds; Eating/*physiology; Female; Hippocampus/*physiology; Light; Male; *Photoperiod; Seasons; Telencephalon/physiology; Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | Birds that store food have a relatively large hippocampus compared to non-storing species. The hippocampus shows seasonal differences in neurogenesis and volume in black-capped chikadees (Parus atricapillus) taken from the wild at different times of year. We compared hippocampal volumes in black-capped chickadees captured at the same time but differing in food-storing behaviour because of manipulations of photoperiod in the laboratory. Differences in food-storing behaviour were not accompanied by differences in the volume of the hippocampus. Hippocampal volumes also did not differ between two groups of a non-food-storing control species, house sparrows (Passer domesticus), exposed to the same conditions as the chickadees. | ||||
Address | Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, Oxford, UK | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0959-4965 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8527745 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 378 | ||
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Author | Nevin, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
Title | An analysis of contrast effects in multiple schedules | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1966 | Publication | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 305-315 |
Keywords | Animals; Birds; *Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; *Extinction, Psychological; Male; Reaction Time; *Reinforcement (Psychology) | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:5961499 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 392 | ||
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Author | Cameron, E.Z. | ||||
Title | Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: evidence for a mechanism | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
Volume | 271 | Issue | 1549 | Pages | 1723-1728 |
Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; Body Constitution; *Evolution; Female; Glucose/metabolism/physiology; Litter Size; Male; Mammals/*physiology; *Models, Biological; Reproduction/physiology; Seasons; Sex Factors; *Sex Ratio; Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | Evolutionary theory predicts that mothers of different condition should adjust the birth sex ratio of their offspring in relation to future reproductive benefits. Published studies addressing variation in mammalian sex ratios have produced surprisingly contradictory results. Explaining the source of such variation has been a challenge for sex-ratio theory, not least because no mechanism for sex-ratio adjustment is known. I conducted a meta-analysis of previous mammalian sex-ratio studies to determine if there are any overall patterns in sex-ratio variation. The contradictory nature of previous results was confirmed. However, studies that investigated indices of condition around conception show almost unanimous support for the prediction that mothers in good condition bias their litters towards sons. Recent research on the role of glucose in reproductive functioning have shown that excess glucose favours the development of male blastocysts, providing a potential mechanism for sex-ratio variation in relation to maternal condition around conception. Furthermore, many of the conflicting results from studies on sex-ratio adjustment would be explained if glucose levels in utero during early cell division contributed to the determination of offspring sex ratios. | ||||
Address | Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. ezcameron@zoology.up.ac.za | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:15306293 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 413 | ||
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Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
Title | Der Natur abgelauschte Erkenntnisse: Der Weg zum Balancesitz und zum Begreifen des Timers für Signale an das Pferd; | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 90-99 | |
Keywords | Bewegungen des Pferdes – Fundament des Reiter-Sitzes – Timer für Signale an das Pferd – Reflexe – Kommunikation – Forschungsbedarf | ||||
Abstract | Zusammenfassung Mit dem Beitrag “Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken aus der Sicht des Reiters” (TU 59, 327-334, 2004) wurde um universitäre Forschung zur Ermittlung gemessener Werte für diese Begleiter der Fortbewegung geworben. Die Entdeckung des Ranges der Rumpf-Rücken-Bewegungen für pferdgerechtes und kultiviertes, feinfühliges Reiten ist mit der Entwicklung des Balancesitzes und der Technik des vom Pferd Zeitvorgaben Empfangens und ihm Signale Sendens (Reiter sagen: des Fühlens und Einwirkens) eng verbunden. Ihre Geschichte läßt sich über viereinhalb Jahrhunderte verfolgen. Ein kurzer Abriß wird hier nachgeliefert. Er mündet erneut in ein Plädoyer für interdisziplinäres universitäres Forschen, weil auch bei Sitz und Hilfengebung, weiteren Grundlagen des Reitens – im Interesse effektiveren Unterrichts an der Basis unseres “Sports” – dringender Klärungsbedarf besteht. |
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 421 | ||
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Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
Title | The Rider's Impacts and Their Timers – Example: Rider's Aids for Transitions Between Different Gaits. | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
Volume | 10 | Issue | Pages | 515-532 | |
Keywords | Animal-friendly rider-horse communication – signals for changing the footfall – knee-jerk impacts in the single “fitting” moment – singular timer for those – immediate “obedience” | ||||
Abstract | The scientific investigation of the basics of the inherited riding teachings assists in conserving its values. Riding instructors should be able to teach not only “how” but also “why”. The classic European riding teachings that have developed across the centuries are based on perceptions that have their roots in natural phenomena. They are being mirrored, for instance, in the aids to stimulate the change from one gait to the next. The movements of the horse's trunk and back provide timers for horse-friendly, sensitive aids that create attentive, diligent and happily cooperating horses. |
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | yes | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 434 | ||
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