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Piggins, D.; Phillips, C.J.C. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Awareness in domesticated animals--concepts and definitions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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57 |
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3-4 |
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181-200 |
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Complex mind; Awareness; Humans; Domesticated animals; Conscious state |
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Humans will probably never experience the awareness of another species, but adopting a broad concept of awareness leads to the conclusion that other species have some awareness. The existence of a more complex mind in humans, compared with other species, leads some to suggest that awareness only exists in humans. We postulate that humans possess a significantly increased level of awareness, facilitated in particular by the acquisition of language, but that generally animals possess a level of awareness that is appropriate to their needs. Categories of awareness can be devised by identifying levels, such as are used in the identification of the conscious state in humans, or by ranking states of awareness in order of complexity. A scheme is proposed that combines these two approaches, which is considered suitable for use with domesticated animals. The advantages of identifying awareness as being sensation-, perception- or cognition-based are discussed, as well as the possibility of a scheme based on the degree and site of CNS processing. Finally, the acquisition of awareness by learning and inheritance is considered, and it is argued that in variable environments, animals will evolve increased awareness, whereas in very stable environments the energetic cost of awareness will encourage the evolution of less aware animals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4308 |
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Pickerel, T.M.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Caudle, A.B.; Estep, D.Q. |
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Title |
Sexual preference of mares (Equus caballus) for individual stallions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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38 |
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1 |
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1-13 |
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Horse; Sexual behavior; Sexual preference; Vocalization |
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Eight mares were tested to determine if they remained near one of two stallions longer than would be expected if association was random. Six stallions were paired in 30 combinations and each mare was tested 30 times. The mares (Equus caballus) demonstrated a definite preference for individual stallions throughout the breeding season. This preference was influenced by the estrous state of the mare. During estrus, mares' preferences for stallions were positively correlated with the rate at which a given stallion vocalized. During diestrus, mares spent significantly less time in the proximity of stallions and did not exhibit any preference for individual stallions. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2270 |
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Pick, D.F.; Lovell, G.; Brown, S.; Dail, D. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Equine color perception revisited |
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Journal Article |
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1994 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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42 |
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1 |
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61-65 |
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Equine; Color perception; Dichromat |
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An attempt to replicate Grzimek (1952; Z. Tierpsychol., 27: 330-338) is reported where a Quarter-Horse mare chose between colored and gray stimuli for food reinforcement. Stimuli varied across a broad range of reflectance values. A double-blind procedure with additional controls for auditory, olfactory, tactile, and position cues was used. The subject could reliably discriminate blue (462 nm) vs. gray, and red (700 nm) vs. gray without regard to reflectance (P<0.001), but could not discriminate green (496 nm) vs. gray. It is suggested that horses are dichromats in a manner similar to swine and cattle. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4368 |
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Pettifor, R.A. |
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Title |
The effects of avian mobbing on a potential predator, the European kestrel, Falco tinnunculus |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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39 |
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5 |
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821-827 |
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European kestrels were observed being mobbed by other birds on 63 occasions. Eleven species were involved, and in two instances mobs were composed of more than one species. Both flight-hunting and perch-hunting kestrels flew significantly further between their foraging positions when they were mobbed than when they were not mobbed; on average, mobbing resulted in flight-hunting kestrels moving 6[middle dot]8 times, and perch-hunting kestrels 2[middle dot]7 times, the mean distances moved by non-mobbed birds. The mean strike distance of perch-hunting kestrels attempting to capture birds was significantly less than the distance between perches flown by perch-hunting kestrels when mobbed. These data provide quantitative support for the assumption that mobbing causes a predator to vacate its immediate foraging area. The activity of the kestrels also influenced the frequency that they were mobbed, with kestrels that were flight-hunting being mobbed more than expected compared with ones that were perch-hunting. Kestrels were observed being mobbed throughout the year, and there was no discernible difference in their response to mobbing between seasons. These results are discussed in relation to current ideas on the functions of avian mobbing. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4091 |
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Petit, O.; Thierry, B. |
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Title |
Aggressive and peaceful interventions in conflicts in Tonkean macaques |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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48 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1427-1436 |
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Abstract. Peaceful interventions in conflicts are an extremely rare phenomenon in most primate species. In contrast to aggressive interventions, they cannot lead to gains in terms of competition. To clarify the function and origin of this behaviour, the patterning and consequences of peaceful and aggressive interventions were studied in a semi-free ranging group of tonkean macaques, Macaca tonkeana. Intense conflicts frequently elicited both types of intervention. Interveners preferentially targeted the initiator of the conflict, who was generally the dominant of the two opponents. Males tended to intervene more than females, especially using peaceful interventions. Interventions were frequently performed on behalf of the most closely kin-related opponent; this was true particularly for aggressive interventions. In peaceful interventions, the intervener was usually dominant over both parties. Lipsmacking, clasping, mounting and social play were mainly used, and were successful in halting aggression. Peaceful interventions were frequently followed by an affinitive interaction, such as grooming, between intervener and target. Peaceful interventions thus appear to protect the beneficiary while preserving the social relationship between intervener and target. The origin of the behaviour can be traced to the epigenetic constraints arising from the species-specific social organization. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5244 |
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Petherick, J.C.; Rutter, S.M. |
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Title |
Quantifying motivation using a computer-controlled push-door |
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Journal Article |
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1990 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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27 |
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1 |
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159-167 |
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A computer-controlled push-door system was designed and tested as a method for measuring motivation. Eleven domestic hens were trained to use the push-door to gain access to food. They were deprived of food for 12 h or 43 h on 12 occasions and the push-door was used to measure the amount of “work” (measured as force × time) that they performed to gain access to a food reward. When deprived of food for 12 h the hens took significantly longer (P<0.01) to reach the required threshold of work, than when deprived for 43 h. This difference arose from the amount of time that the hens spent not pushing at the door. The problems encountered with this system and such an approach to measuring motivation are discussed. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6165 |
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Penzhorn,B.L.; Novellie, P.A. |
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Title |
Some behavioural traits of Cape mountain zebras and their implications for the management of asmall conservation area |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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29 |
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1-4 |
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293-299 |
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The social organisation of mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) consists of breeding herds (1 male, 2.4 females (range 1–5) and their offspring) which remain stable over many years, and bachelor groups. Foals leave their maternal herds of their own accord. In a free-ranging population the behaviour of the foals in leaving the herd is probably an adequate mechanism to prevent inbreeding, but inbreeding may occur in confined populations. Individual recognition by means of stripe pattern allows a check to be kept.
Seasonal movement of mountain zebras is associated with a relative change in diet quality (as indicated by crude protein contents of preferred food plants and of faeces) between summer and winter habitats. Any conservation area should be large and varied enough to include both summer and winter habitats. Mountain zebras favour taller grass than most antelope species, harvesting their food at 50–150 mm from the ground. The existence of large populations of antelope could, therefore, be detrimental to zebras. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1465 |
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Penzhorn, B.L.; Novellie, P.A. |
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Some behavioural traits of Cape mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) and their implications for the management of a small conservation area |
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1991 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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29 |
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1-4 |
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293-299 |
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The social organisation of mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) consists of breeding herds (1 male, 2.4 females (range 1-5) and their offspring) which remain stable over many years, and bachelor groups. Foals leave their maternal herds of their own accord. In a free-ranging population the behaviour of the foals in leaving the herd is probably an adequate mechanism to prevent inbreeding, but inbreeding may occur in confined populations. Individual recognition by means of stripe pattern allows a check to be kept. Seasonal movement of mountain zebras is associated with a relative change in diet quality (as indicated by crude protein contents of preferred food plants and of faeces) between summer and winter habitats. Any conservation area should be large and varied enough to include both summer and winter habitats. Mountain zebras favour taller grass than most antelope species, harvesting their food at 50-150 mm from the ground. The existence of large populations of antelope could, therefore, be detrimental to zebras. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5074 |
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Author ![sorted by Author field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Pavey, C.R.; Smyth, A.K. |
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Title |
Effects of avian mobbing on roost use and diet of powerful owls,Ninox strenua |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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55 |
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2 |
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313-318 |
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We observed the species and numbers of mobbing birds and their effects on a large, nocturnal, bird-eating predator, the powerful owl, together with the pattern of owl predation on mobbing and non-mobbing species. Owls were mobbed on 35 occasions by seven of 44 species of forest birds at a site composed of open forest (88% by area) and rainforest (12%). The majority of bouts involved individuals of a single species, although mixed groups were observed on nine occasions. Regular mobbers were between 4 and 26% of the owls' body weight. Owls abandoned their daytime roosts during 20% of bouts and responded by calling or actively monitoring mobbers during 54% of bouts. Mobbing appeared to explain why owls roosted in rainforest significantly more often than expected by its availability, mobbing being significantly less frequent in rainforest than in open forest. Only one mobbing species regularly occupied rainforest and the canopy of roosts in rainforest was denser than that in open forest, thus reducing the chances of an owl being detected by potential mobbers. Twelve species of forest birds were within the range of prey size of the powerful owl (75-800 g): six were mobbers and six non-mobbers. The frequency of owl predation on non-mobbers was 8.75 times that on mobbers. The species in this study took a high risk by mobbing a very large predator, but benefited by greatly reducing their chances of predation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4090 |
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Patris, B.; Perrier, G.; Schaal, B.; Coureaud, G. |
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Title |
Early development of filial preferences in the rabbit: implications of nursing- and pheromone-induced odour learning? |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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76 |
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2 |
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305-314 |
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learning; mammary pheromone; mother-young relationship; Oryctolagus cuniculus; rabbit; recognition |
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Newborn rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, discriminate between different categories of adult conspecifics on the basis of their abdominal odour cues. Whether these cues can support the development of filial preferences has not been adequately tested. Using a two-choice paradigm, we assessed the ability of 3-8-day-old pups to orient selectively to the mother versus an unfamiliar female, either spontaneously or after odour conditioning. In experiment 1, nonconditioned pups roamed indifferently over the mother and an unfamiliar female. In experiment 2, pups conditioned to a neutral odorant while nursing or with the mammary pheromone became attracted by the odorant. In experiment 3, pups that had learned the odorant while nursing oriented for longer to any female carrying it, but the unscented mother and a scented unfamiliar female were equally attractive. Finally, in experiment 4, pups that had learned the odorant paired with the mammary pheromone showed a preference for their scented mother, but not systematically for a scented unfamiliar female; furthermore, they were equally attracted by the unscented mother and a scented unfamiliar female. In sum, pups did not spontaneously evince an olfactory preference for the mother when opposed to an unfamiliar female, although they seemed able to detect individual maternal odours. In fact, they appeared to react to both species-specific cues and individual cues that they had learned, and their responses depended on their degree of familiarity with the cues and on the context. The mammary pheromone by itself might act as both a releasing and a reinforcing signal in these early socially oriented behaviours. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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