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Erber, R.; Wulf, M.; Aurich, J.; Becker-Birck, M.; Rose-Meierhöfer, S.; Möstl, E.; Hoffmann, G.; Aurich, C. |
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Title |
Physiological stress parameters in sport horse mares transferred from group housing to individual stabling |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
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Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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horse, isolation, cortisol, heart rate, locomotion |
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Initial equestrian training and especially first mounting of a rider are stressful challenges for young horses (1). Most young horses are raised in groups but, in association with equestrian training, they are commonly transferred to individual stabling in loose boxes. Although, in most stables, visual contact with horses in adjacent boxes is possible, separation from the herd might be an additional stressor. We have studied physiological stress parameters, in 3-year-old sport horse mares (n=8), transferred from a group stable with access to a paddock to individual boxes without paddock. Once stabled in the individual boxes, mares underwent a standard training for young horses. Horses had been accustomed to lunging and tolerating a rider on their back several weeks before the study. Mares were studied from 5 days before to 5 days after changing the stable. Cortisol concentration in saliva, locomotion activity (ALT pedometers), heart rate (HR) and HR variability (RMSSD: root mean square of successive beat-to-beat intervals) were determined. We hypothesized that the change of the stable increases cortisol release and is associated with changes in HR and RMSSD and reduced locomotion. Before mares were moved to individual boxes, cortisol concentration showed a pronounced diurnal rhythm with values around 0.6 ng/ ml in the morning and a continuous decrease throughout the day. When the mares were moved to individual boxes, cortisol concentration increased to 1.8±0.2 ng/ml and did not return to baseline values within 6 h (p<0.05 over time). On subsequent days, a diurnal rhythm was re-established but shifted to a higher level than before. Locomotion activity determined by ALT pedometers was increased for some minutes only after mares has been placed in individual boxes but was only slightly higher than during the time mares spent with the group in a paddock. On days 2-5 in individual boxes, locomotion activity was reduced compared to the group stable. HR increased and the HRV variable RMSSD decreased when mares were separated. In conclusion, separating horses during initial training from their group is an additional stressor, although the stress is less pronounced than induced by other social challenges, e.g. weaning of foals (2). When stabled in individual boxes, mares move less than when kept as a group. Horses kept in a group thus appear to exercise themselves freely, such an effect is absent when the animals are kept individually. |
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Erber, R. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5542 |
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Author |
Ernst, K.; Puppe, B.; Schon, P.C.; Manteuffel, G. |
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Title |
A complex automatic feeding system for pigs aimed to induce successful behavioural coping by cognitive adaptation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
91 |
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3-4 |
Pages |
205-218 |
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Keywords |
Learning; Cognition; Reward; Welfare; Pig |
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In modern intensive husbandry systems there is an increasing tendency for animals to interact with technical equipment. If the animal-technology interface is well-designed this may improve animal welfare by offering challenges for cognitive adaptation. Here a system and its application is presented that acoustically calls individual pigs out of a group (n = 8) to a feeding station. In three different learning phases, the computer-controlled “call-feeding-station” (CFS) trained the animals to recognize a specific acoustic signal as a summons for food, using a combination of classical and operant conditioning techniques. The experimental group's stall contained four CFSs, at each of which one animal at a time was able to feed. When an animal had learned to discriminate and recognize its individual acoustic signal it had to localize the particular CFS that was calling and to enter inside it. Then, it received a portion of feed, the amount of which was adapted to the respective age of the animals. Each animal was called at several, unpredictable times each day and the computer programme ensured that the total feed supply was sufficient for each animal. In the last phase of the experiment the animals, in addition, had to press a button with an increasing fixed ratio for the delivery of feed. It was demonstrated that the pigs were able to adapt quickly to the CFSs. Although they were challenged over 12 h daily by requirements of attention, sensory localization and motor efforts to gain comparatively low amounts of feed, they performed well and reached fairly constant success rates between 90 and 95% and short delays between 14 and 16 s between a summons and the food release in the last phase of the experiment. The weight gain during the experiment was the same as in a conventionally fed control group (n = 8). We therefore conclude that CFSs present a positive challenge to the animals with no negative effects on performance but with a potentially beneficial role for welfare and against boredom. The system is also a suitable experimental platform for research on the effects of successful adaptation by rewarded cognitive processes in pigs. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2898 |
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Author |
Esch, L.; Wöhr, C.; Erhard, M.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Horses� (Equus Caballus) Laterality, Stress Hormones, and Task Related Behavior in Innovative Problem-Solving |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
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9 |
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5 |
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265 |
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innovative behavior; brain lateralization; glucocorticoid metabolites; behavioral traits; equine cognition |
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Domesticated horses are constantly confronted with novel tasks. A recent study on anecdotal data indicates that some are innovative in dealing with such tasks. However, innovative behavior in horses has not previously been investigated under experimental conditions. In this study, we investigated whether 16 horses found an innovative solution when confronted with a novel feeder. Moreover, we investigated whether innovative behavior in horses may be affected by individual aspects such as: age, sex, size, motor and sensory laterality, fecal stress hormone concentrations (GCMs), and task-related behavior. Our study revealed evidence for 25% of the horses being capable of innovative problem solving for operating a novel feeder. Innovative horses of the present study were active, tenacious, and may be considered to have a higher inhibitory control, which was revealed by their task related behavior. Furthermore, they appeared to be emotional, reflected by high baseline GCM concentrations and a left sensory and motor laterality. These findings may contribute to the understanding of horses� cognitive capacities to deal with their environment and calls for enriched environments in sports and leisure horse management. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Esch2019 |
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6570 |
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Author |
Escos, J.; Alados, C.L.; Boza, J. |
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Title |
Leadership in a domestic goat herd |
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1993 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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38 |
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1 |
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41-47 |
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Leadership; Goat |
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This study reports on leadership behavior in a domestic goat group (370 animals) moving from night-time areas to grazing areas. Of the adult females which occupied leadership positons, all of them were born in the study area. Also, they were individuals with more relatives alive in the group (according to matrilineal kinship) than the rest, but they did not show special physical characteristics. |
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2032 |
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Evans, C.S.; Evans, L. |
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Representational signalling in birds |
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2007 |
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Biology Letters |
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3 |
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1 |
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8-11 |
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Some animals give specific calls when they discover food or detect a particular type of predator. Companions respond with food-searching behaviour or by adopting appropriate escape responses. These signals thus seem to denote objects in the environment, but this specific mechanism has only been demonstrated for monkey alarm calls. We manipulated whether fowl (Gallus gallus) had recently found a small quantity of preferred food and then tested for a specific interaction between this event and their subsequent response to playback of food calls. In one treatment, food calls thus potentially provided information about the immediate environment, while in the other the putative message was redundant with individual experience. Food calls evoked substrate searching, but only if the hens had not recently discovered food. An identical manipulation had no effect on responses to an acoustically matched control call. These results show that chicken food calls are representational signals: they stimulate retrieval of information about a class of external events. This is the first such demonstration for any non-primate species. Representational signalling is hence more taxonomically widespread than has previously been thought, suggesting that it may be the product of common social factors, rather than an attribute of a particular phylogenetic lineage. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3523 |
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Evans, T.A.; Westergaard, G.C. |
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Discrimination of functionally appropriate and inappropriate throwing tools by captive tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) |
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2004 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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7 |
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4 |
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255-262 |
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Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Cebus/*psychology; Choice Behavior; *Concept Formation; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Recognition (Psychology) |
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A tool-throwing task was used to test whether capuchin monkeys understand the difference between functionally appropriate and functionally inappropriate tools. A group of monkeys was trained to obtain a sticky treat from a container outside their enclosure using a projectile attached to one end of an anchored line. Subsequently, these monkeys were given choice tests between functional and nonfunctional versions of tools used in training. A different feature of the tool was varied between alternatives in each choice test. The monkeys chose to use functional tools significantly more often than nonfunctional tools in early exposures to each choice test. A second experiment tested whether these subjects, as well as a second group of minimally trained participants, could distinguish between functional and nonfunctional tools that appeared different from those used in training. A new set of design features was varied between tools in these choice tests. All participants continued to choose functional tools significantly more often than nonfunctional tools, regardless of their tool-throwing experience or the novel appearance of the tools. These results suggest that capuchin monkeys, like chimpanzees studied in similar experiments, are sensitive to a variety of functionally relevant tool features. |
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Alpha Genesis Inc., 95 Castle Hall Road, P.O. Box 557, Yemassee, SC 29945, USA. teprimate@islc.net |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15138849 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2523 |
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Author |
Fabritius, C. |
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Sozialstruktur einer Herde Islandpferde bei Veränderung der Gruppenzusammenstellung |
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Manuscript |
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2009 |
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Die Domestikation des Pferdes begann wahrscheinlich etwa 5500 v. Chr. in
Südosteuropa. In Mitteleuropa traten circa 3000 v. Chr. die ersten Hauspferde auf.
Grundsätzlich wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Ansprüche des Pferdes
hinsichtlich der Lebensbedingungen, welche sich im Laufe der Evolution über
Millionen von Jahren entwickelt haben, in der Obhut des Menschen nicht wesentlich
geändert haben. Für Pferde typisch ist das Leben im Sozialverband, der Herde
(Zeitler-Feicht 2008). Diese wird auch in den Leitlinien der Sachverständigengruppe
tierschutzgerechte Pferdehaltung (10. November 1995) empfohlen, sofern es nicht
durch zu häufigen Wechsel im Bestand zu einem Übermaß an Stress und
agonistischen Aktionen kommt.
Ziel der Arbeit war es, anhand eines nach der Literatur erstellten Ethogramms des
Sozialverhaltens des Pferdes, herauszufinden, inwieweit Änderungen der
Gruppenstruktur die sozialen Beziehungen beeinflussten. Die Fragestellung bezog
sich auf eine Herde in Offenstallhaltung. Um die eventuellen Veränderungen der
sozialen Interaktionen zu untersuchen, wurde erst die vorhandene Gruppenstruktur
der Herde festgestellt. Danach wurde ein Individuum aus der Herde entfernt und ein
anderes dazugestellt. Anschließend wurde die Gesamtgruppe in zwei Untergruppen
geteilt und nach einem gewissen Zeitraum erneut zusammengeführt. Dabei wurden
jeweils die Interaktionen der Pferde anhand des Ethogramms beobachtet,
aufgezeichnet und protokolliert.
Untersuchungsgegenstand war eine Herde Islandpferde, die in einer
Ausgangsgruppe von 16 Tieren gehalten wurde.
Die Beschreibung einer sozialen Ordnung im Allgemeinen und einer Rangordnung im
Besonderen wird in vielen Studien ausschließlich auf der Basis der Beobachtung und
Bewertung offensiv aggressiver Verhaltenselemente durchgeführt. Aggressives
Verhalten muss hingegen im Gegensatz zu Verhaltensweisen, die die Anerkennung
des sozialen Status des anderen Pferdes bedeuten, wie Abwenden oder Meiden,
nicht notwendigerweise ein Anzeichen von Dominanz über ein anderes Tier
bedeuten (Van Hoof u. Wensing 1987, Schilder 1988). Ein weiterer Aspekt dieser
Arbeit sollte sein, eine Möglichkeit zu finden, die Sozialstruktur auch auf der
Grundlage defensiver und soziopositiver Verhaltenselemente zu definieren. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Hannover |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5727 |
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Author |
Fairhurst, S.; Gallistel, C.R.; Gibbon, J. |
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Title |
Temporal landmarks: proximity prevails |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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6 |
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2 |
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113-120 |
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Animals; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Reaction Time; *Time Perception |
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Subjects in conditioning experiments time their conditioned responses relative to the onsets of the conditioned stimuli (CSs). These onsets are temporal landmarks, by reference to which subjects may estimate the location of the unconditioned stimulus (US) in time. In a serial compound conditioning paradigm, a long duration CS comes on first, followed later by a second shorter CS, creating both a long-range and a short-range predictor of the US. We ask whether displacing the short-range predictor relative to the long-range predictor causes subjects to strike a compromise between the different temporal locations predicted by the two CSs. In three experiments with pigeons, we varied the training conditions so as to favor or militate against this outcome. However, in all conditions, there was no compromise; after the onset of the displaced short-range CS, the timing of conditioned responding was governed by it alone. This result contrasts with the compromises that are seen when the feeding time predicted by a CS is put in conflict with the time predicted by the circadian clock, and with the similar compromises sometimes seen when a nearby spatial landmark is displaced relative to a larger spatial context. |
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New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., Unit 50, New York, NY 10032, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12720110 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2573 |
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Falewee, C.; Gaultier, E.; Lafont, C.; Bougrat, L.; Pageat, P. |
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Title |
Effect of a synthetic equine maternal pheromone during a controlled fear-eliciting situation |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
144-153 |
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Horses; Behaviour; Fear; Pheromone; Heart rate; Performance |
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Horses are known to show fear reactions when confronted with novelty and this can be a considerable hindrance in the context of working situations such as riding, dressage or racing. The aim of the present study was to measure the potential effects of a synthetic analogue of the Equine Appeasing Pheromone on saddled horses when subjected to a stressful situation using a double-blinded, placebo controlled study design. A group of 40 horses was analyzed during this study and horses were divided by sex, breed and reactivity into two homogenized groups. The test, which consisted of walking the horse through a fringed curtain, was selected from a range of tests which are used to assess behaviour for the selection of French breeding stock. Horses that could have been subjected to the test on a previous occasion, and therefore be familiar with it, were not included. Behavioural and physiological parameters were both taken into account with measures of time to go through the curtain, fear related typical behavioural patterns, based on available literature detailed in the bibliography, and heart rate being recorded. Parameters were analyzed by means of Mann-Whitney U-test. Significant differences were noticed between the two groups concerning heart rate data during the test (UMeanHR = 100.5, pMeanHR = 0.02; UMaxHR = 75, pMaxHR = 0.001) and during the whole measured period (UMeanHR = 67, pMeanHR = 0.005; UMaxHR = 58, pMaxHR = 0.002). Observation of the animals also revealed less behavioural items characteristic of fear within the treated group. As a result, horses performed the test with a better time performance when they received the pheromone analogue (U = 62, p = 0.002). The main parameter, area under the HR graph, is based on heart rate measure and performance. Differences noticed (U = 74, p = 0.002) for this parameter lead to the conclusion that horses who received EAP underwent less stress related consequences in terms of their cardiac physiology. As horses are subjected to a number of foreseeable stressful events this study suggests that the use of Equine Appeasing Pheromone could be a significant factor in improving the welfare of this species. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3992 |
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Faria, J.J.; Dyer, J.R.G.; Tosh, C.R.; Krause, J. |
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Title |
Leadership and social information use in human crowds |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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79 |
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4 |
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895-901 |
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collective animal behaviour; group; human; inadvertent social cue; information; leadership |
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One of the big challenges for group-living animals is to find out who in a group has pertinent information (regarding food or predators) at any moment in time, because informed individuals may not be obviously recognizable to other group members. We found that individuals in human groups were capable of identifying those with information, and this identification increased group performance: the speed and accuracy of groups in reaching a target. Using video analysis we found how informed individuals might have been identified by other group members by means of inadvertent social cues (such as starting order, time spent following and group position). Furthermore, we were able to show that at least one of these cues, the group position of informed individuals, was indeed correlated with group performance. Our final experiment confirmed that leadership was even more efficient when the group members were given the identity of the leader. We discuss the effect of information status regarding the presence and identity of leaders on collective animal behaviour. |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0003-3472 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5192 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
