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	Author	Horowitz, A.C.
	Title	Do humans ape? Or do apes human? Imitation and intention in humans (Homo sapiens) and other animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	117	Issue	3	Pages	325-336
	Keywords	Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Species Specificity
	Abstract	A. Whiten, D. M. Custance, J.-C. Gomez, P. Teixidor, and K. A. Bard (1996) tested chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) and human children's (Homo sapiens) skills at imitation with a 2-action test on an “artificial fruit.” Chimpanzees imitated to a restricted degree; children were more thoroughly imitative. Such results prompted some to assert that the difference in imitation indicates a difference in the subjects' understanding of the intentions of the demonstrator (M. Tomasello, 1996). In this experiment, 37 adult human subjects were tested with the artificial fruit. Far from being perfect imitators, the adults were less imitative than the children. These results cast doubt on the inference from imitative performance to an ability to understand others' intentions. The results also demonstrate how any test of imitation requires a control group and attention to the level of behavioral analysis.
	Address	Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ahorowitz@crl.ucsd.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C. : 1983	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14498809			Approved	yes
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	736
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	Author	Hostetter, A.B.; Cantero, M.; Hopkins, W.D.
	Title	*Differential use of vocal and gestural communication by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in response to the attentional status of a human (Homo sapiens)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
	Volume	115	Issue	4	Pages	337-343
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Communication Methods, Total; Female; Gestures; Humans; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Environment; Species Specificity; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	This study examined the communicative behavior of 49 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), particularly their use of vocalizations, manual gestures, and other auditory- or tactile-based behaviors as a means of gaining an inattentive audience's attention. A human (Homo sapiens) experimenter held a banana while oriented either toward or away from the chimpanzee. The chimpanzees' behavior was recorded for 60 s. Chimpanzees emitted vocalizations faster and were more likely to produce vocalizations as their 1st communicative behavior when a human was oriented away from them. Chimpanzees used manual gestures more frequently and faster when the human was oriented toward them. These results replicate the findings of earlier studies on chimpanzee gestural communication and provide new information about the intentional and functional use of their vocalizations.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Berry College, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11824896			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4970
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	Author	Hostetter, A.B.; Russell, J.L.; Freeman, H.; Hopkins, W.D.
	Title	Now you see me, now you don't: evidence that chimpanzees understand the role of the eyes in attention			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	55-62
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Attention; Awareness; Female; Fixation, Ocular/physiology; Humans; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Behavior; *Social Perception
	Abstract	Chimpanzees appear to understand something about the attentional states of others; in the present experiment, we investigated whether they understand that the attentional state of a human is based on eye gaze. In all, 116 adult chimpanzees were offered food by an experimenter who engaged in one of the four experimental manipulations: eyes closed, eyes open, hand over eyes, and hand over mouth. The communicative behavior of the chimpanzees was observed. More visible behaviors were produced when the experimenter's eyes were visible than when the experimenter's eyes were not visible. More vocalizations were produced when the experimenter's eyes were closed than when they were open, but there were no differences in other attention getting behaviors. There was no effect of age or rearing history. The results suggest that chimpanzees use the presence of the eyes as a cue that their visual gestures will be effective.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. abhostetter@wisc.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16847659			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2457
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	Author	Hostikka, S.L.; Eddy, R.L.; Byers, M.G.; Hoyhtya, M.; Shows, T.B.; Tryggvason, K.
	Title	Identification of a distinct type IV collagen alpha chain with restricted kidney distribution and assignment of its gene to the locus of X chromosome-linked Alport syndrome			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	87	Issue	4	Pages	1606-1610
	Keywords	Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Chromosome Mapping; Cloning, Molecular; Collagen/genetics; Epitopes/analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gene Library; Genes; Humans; Immunoblotting; Kidney/cytology/metabolism; Macromolecular Substances; Molecular Sequence Data; Nephritis, Hereditary/genetics; Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis/immunology; Placenta/metabolism; Pregnancy; Restriction Mapping; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; *X Chromosome
	Abstract	We have identified and extensively characterized a type IV collagen alpha chain, referred to as alpha 5(IV). Four overlapping cDNA clones isolated contain an open reading frame for 543 amino acid residues of the carboxyl-terminal end of a collagenous domain, a 229-residue carboxyl-terminal noncollagenous domain, and 1201 base pairs coding for a 3' untranslated region. The collagenous Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeat sequence has five imperfections that coincide with those in the corresponding region of the alpha 1(IV) chain. The noncollagenous domain has 12 conserved cysteine residues and 83% and 63% sequence identity with the noncollagenous domains of the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains, respectively. The alpha 5(IV) chain has less sequence identity with the putative bovine alpha 3(IV) and alpha 4(IV) chains. Antiserum against an alpha 5(IV) synthetic peptide stained a polypeptide chain of about 185 kDa by immunoblot analysis and immunolocalization of the chain in human kidney was almost completely restricted to the glomerulus. The gene was assigned to the Xq22 locus by somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization. This may be identical or close to the locus of the X chromosome-linked Alport syndrome that is believed to be a type IV collagen disease.
	Address	Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1689491			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5291
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Feldman, J.
	Title	Animal behavior case of the month. Aggression toward a neonatal foal by its dam			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	203	Issue	9	Pages	1279-1280
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Horses/psychology; *Maternal Behavior; Rejection (Psychology); Restraint, Physical/veterinary
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8253618			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	36
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Smith, R.
	Title	Animal behavior case of the month			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	203	Issue	3	Pages	377-378
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Zoo/psychology; Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/psychology; *Weaning
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8226214			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	37
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Wolski, T.R.
	Title	Stability of equine hierarchies and the prevention of dominance related aggression			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	12	Issue	1	Pages	15-18
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Horses; Humans; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Social Dominance
	Abstract	The dominance hierarchy of a herd of 10 Thoroughbred mares was determined twice, at an interval of 18 months, using paired feeding tests. Each mare's rank was correlated significantly between the 2 tests. This indicated that the hierarchy within the herd was stable. The offspring of dominant and subordinate mares were also tested for dominance in their own age groups. The offspring of dominant mares tended to be near the top of the hierarchy while those of middle and low ranking mares were not consistently found in the middle or bottom of their own hierarchies. Paired feeding tests were carried out on 8 ponies. During tests the time that each pony spent eating and the ponies' aggressive interactions were recorded. Two situations were used. Each pony-pair was tested when both ponies were in the same paddock and also when they were separated by a rail fence. The subordinate ponies spent significantly more time eating and the domonant pony was significantly less aggressive, when the pony-pair was separated by a fence than when they were in one paddock. It was concluded that the dominance hierarchies of adult horse groups changed very little over time and that the foals of dominant mares will tend to be dominant in their own age groups. Management practices can be used to reduce aggression and consequent injury that may arise in group feeding situations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7189148			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	59
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Eggleston, A.; Kunkle, K.; Houpt, T.R.
	Title	Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	32	Issue	4	Pages	341-344
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blood Proteins/analysis; Energy Intake; Female; Horse Diseases/physiopathology; Horses/physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Pregnancy; Stress/veterinary; Video Recording; Water Deprivation/*physiology
	Abstract	Six pregnant mares were used to determine what level of water restriction causes physiological and/or behavioural changes indicative of stress. Nonlegume hay was fed ad libitum. During the first week of restriction, 5 l water/100 kg bwt was available, during the second week 4 l/100 kg bwt and, during the third week, 3 l/100 kg bwt. Ad libitum water intake was 6.9 l/100 kg bwt; at 3 l/100 kg bwt water intake was 42% of this. Daily hay intake fell significantly with increasing water restriction from 12.9 +/- 0.75 kg to 8.3 +/- 0.54 kg; bodyweight fell significantly for a total loss of 48.5 +/- 8.3 kg in 3 weeks. Daily blood samples were analysed; osmolality rose significantly with increasing water restriction from 282 +/- 0.7 mosmols/kg to 293.3 +/- 0.8 mosmols/kg bwt, but plasma protein and PCV did not change significantly. Cortisol concentrations fell from 8.1 ng/ml to 6.4 ng/ml over the 3 week period. Aldosterone fell from 211.3 +/- 74.2 pg/ml to 92.5 +/- 27.5 pg/ml at the end of the first week. The behaviour of 4 of the 6 mares was recorded 24 h/day for the duration of the study. The only significant difference was in time spent eating, which decreased with increasing water restriction from 46 +/- 3% to 30 +/- 3%. It is concluded that water restriction to 4 l/100 kg bwt dehydrates pregnant mares and may diminish their welfare, but is not life- or pregnancy-threatening.
	Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10952384			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	32
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Northrup, N.; Wheatley, T.; Houpt, T.R.
	Title	Thirst and salt appetite in horses treated with furosemide			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Physiol
	Volume	71	Issue	6	Pages	2380-2386
	Keywords	Animals; Appetite/drug effects; Blood Volume; Diuresis; Drinking/drug effects; Female; Furosemide/pharmacology; Horses; Natriuresis; Sodium, Dietary/administration & dosage; Thirst/drug effects
	Abstract	When a preliminary experiment in sodium-replete ponies revealed an increase, but not a significant increase, in salt consumption after furosemide treatment, the experiment was repeated using sodium-deficient horses in which aldosterone levels might be expected to be elevated to test the hypothesis that a background of aldosterone is necessary for salt appetite. Ten Standardbred mares were injected intravenously with furosemide or an equivalent volume of 0.9% sodium chloride as a control to test the effect of furosemide on their salt appetite and blood constituents. Sodium intake and sodium loss in urine, as well as water intake and urine output, were measured and compared to determine accuracy of compensation for natriuresis and diuresis. Plasma protein and packed cell volume showed significant increases in response to furosemide treatment (F = 29.31, P less than 0.001 and F = 11.20, P less than 0.001, respectively). There were no significant changes in plasma sodium concentration or osmolality in response to the treatment (P greater than 0.05). The furosemide-treated horses consumed 126 +/- 14.8 g salt, significantly more than when they were given the control injection (94.5 +/- 9.8 g; t = 2.22, P = 0.05). In response to furosemide, horses lost 962 +/- 79.7 and consumed 2,170 +/- 5 meq sodium; however, compared with control, they lost 955 meq more sodium and ingested only 570 meq more sodium, so they were undercompensating for natriuresis. The furosemide-treated horses drank 9.6 +/- 0.8 kg of water, significantly more than when they received the control injection (6.4 +/- 0.8 kg; t = 6.9, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
	Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8750-7587	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1778936			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	38
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Parsons, M.S.; Hintz, H.F.
	Title	Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	55	Issue	5	Pages	1027-1032
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Horses/physiology; Learning; Maternal Deprivation; Mothers/psychology
	Abstract	The maze learning ability of six pony foals that had been weaned at birth was compared to that of six foals reared normally. The foals' learning ability was also compared to their mothers' learning ability at the same task; the correct turn in a single choice point maze. The maze learning test was conducted when the foals were 6 to 8 mo old and after the mothered foals had been weaned. There was no significant difference between the ability of orphaned (weaned at birth) and mothered foals in their ability to learn to turn left (6 +/- .7 and 5.1 +/- .1 trials, respectively) or to learn the reversal, to turn right (6.7 +/- .6 and 6.2 +/- .6 trials, respectively). The orphan foals spent significantly more time in the maze in their first exposure to it than the mothered foals (184 +/- 42 vs 55 +/- 15 s. Mann Whitney U = 7, P less than .05). The mothers of the foals (n = 11) learned to turn left as rapidly as the foals (5.9 +/- .7 trials), but they were slower to learn to turn right (9.8 +/- 1.4 vs 6.4 +/- .4 trials, Mann Whitney U = 33, P less than .05), indicating that the younger horses learned more rapidly. There was no correlation between the trials to criteria of the mare and those of her foal, but there was a significant negative correlation between rank in trials to criteria and age (r = -65, P less than .05) when data from the mare and foal trials were combined. The dominance hierarchy of the mares was determined using a paired feeding test in which two horses competed for one bucket of feed. Although there was no correlation between rank in the hierarchy and maze learning ability, there was a correlation between body weight and rank in the hierarchy (r = .7, P less than .05). This may indicate either that heavier horses are likely to be dominant or that horses high in dominance gain more weight. Maternal deprivation did not appear to seriously retard learning of a simple maze by foals, although the orphans moved more slowly initially. The lack of maternal influence on learning is also reflected in the lack of correlation between the mare's learning ability and that of her foal. Young horses appear to learn more rapidly than older horses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7174546			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	58
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