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	Author	Werner, C.W.; Tiemann, I.; Cnotka, J.; Rehkamper, G.
	Title	Do chickens (Gallus gallus f. domestica) decompose visual figures?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	2	Pages	129-140
	Keywords	Animals; Chickens; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Female; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Visual Perception
	Abstract	To investigate whether learning to discriminate between visual compound stimuli depends on decomposing them into constituting features, hens were first trained to discriminate four features (red, green, horizontal, vertical) from two dimensions (colour, line orientation). After acquisition, hens were trained with compound stimuli made up from these dimensions in two ways: a separable (line on a coloured background) stimulus and an integral one (coloured line). This compound training included a reversal of reinforcement of only one of the two dimensions (half-reversal). After having achieved the compound stimulus discrimination, a second dimensional training identical to the first was performed. Finally, in the second compound training the other dimension was reversed. Two major results were found: (1) an interaction between the dimension reversed and the type of compound stimulus: in compound training with colour reversal, separable compound stimuli were discriminated worse than integral compounds and vice versa in compound training with line orientation reversed. (2) Performance in the second compound training was worse than in the first one. The first result points to a similar mode of processing for separable and integral compounds, whereas the second result shows that the whole stimulus is psychologically superior to its constituting features. Experiment 2 repeated experiment 1 using line orientation stimuli of reversed line and background brightness. Nevertheless, the results were similar to experiment 1. Results are discussed in the framework of a configural exemplar theory of discrimination that assumes the representation of the whole stimulus situation combined with transfer based on a measure of overall similarity.
	Address	C. and O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Universitatsstr. 1, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany. wernerc@uni-duesseldorf.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15490291			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2503
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	Author	West, R.E.; Young, R.J.
	Title	Do domestic dogs show any evidence of being able to count?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	3	Pages	183-186
	Keywords	Animal Feed; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Dogs; Female; Male; *Mathematics; Reinforcement (Psychology); Visual Perception
	Abstract	Numerical competence has been demonstrated in a wide range of animal species. The level of numerical abilities shown ranges from simple relative numerousness judgements to true counting. In this study we used the preferential looking technique to test whether 11 pet dogs could count. The dogs were presented with three simple calculations: “1+1=2”; “1+1=1”; and “1+1=3”. These calculations were performed by presenting the dogs with treats that were placed behind a screen that allowed manipulation of the outcome of the calculation. When the dogs expected the outcome they spent the same amount of time looking at the result of the calculation as they did on the initial presentation. However, when the result was unexpected dogs spent significantly longer looking at the outcome of the calculation. The results suggest that the dogs were anticipating the outcome of the calculations they observed, thus suggesting that dogs may have a rudimentary ability to count.
	Address	De Montfort University-Lincoln, Caythorpe, Grantham, Lincolnshire, NG32 3EP, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12357291			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2594
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	Author	Wilson, D.A.; Stevenson, R.J.
	Title	The fundamental role of memory in olfactory perception			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Trends in Neurosciences	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Neurosci.
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	243-247
	Keywords	olfactory perception mammals
	Abstract	Current emphasis on odorant physiochemical features as the basis for perception largely ignores the synthetic and experience-dependent nature of olfaction. Olfaction is synthetic, as mammals have only limited ability to identify elements within even simple odor mixtures. Furthermore, olfaction is experience-bound, as exposure alone can significantly affect the extent to which stimuli can be discriminated. We propose that early analytical processing of odors is inaccessible at the behavioral level and that all odors are initially encoded as `objects' in the piriform cortex. Moreover, we suggest that odor perception is wholly dependent on the integrity of this memory system and that its loss severely impairs normal perception.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	795
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	Author	Wolfe, J.M.
	Title	Hidden visual processes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Scientific American	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Am
	Volume	248	Issue	2	Pages	94-103
	Keywords	Color Perception/physiology; Humans; Motion Perception/physiology; Ocular Physiology; Vision; Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Isoluminant stimulus is an image whose edges are defined only by a change in color, not by change in brightness. The stimulus here is imperfect: the blue parts and the green parts of the image are only as nearly equal in brightness as they can be on the printed page. Moreover, the change in brightness beyond the edge of the page is apparent, and so is the fact that the reader is holding the magazine at reading distance. When such cues are removed under laboratory conditions, subjects faced with an isoluminant stimulus prove unable to bring its edges into focus. This deficiency contributes to making a familiar face hard to recognize. The experiment indicates that the brain process underlying visual accommodation (the focusing of the eyes) cannot “see” color; it is a hidden process distinct from the processes that lead to perception. The image shows Groucho Marx as he appeared in the motion picture Horse Feathers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8733	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6836258			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4066
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	Author	Yamazaki, Y.; Shinohara, N.; Watanabe, S.
	Title	Visual discrimination of normal and drug induced behavior in quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	7	Issue	2	Pages	128-132
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Classification; Coturnix/physiology; Discrimination Learning; Generalization (Psychology); Ketamine/pharmacology; Male; Methamphetamine/pharmacology; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Video Recording; Visual Perception
	Abstract	The ability to discriminate the physical states of others could be an adaptive behavior, especially for social animals. For example, the ability to discriminate illness behavior would be helpful for avoiding spoiled foods. We report on an experiment with Japanese quails testing whether these birds can discriminate the physical states of conspecifics. The quails were trained to discriminate between moving video images of quails injected with psychoactive drugs and those in a normal (not injected) condition. Methamphetamine (stimulant) or ketamine (anesthetic) were used to produce drug-induced behaviors in conspecifics. The former induced hyperactive behavior and the latter hypoactive behavior. The subject quails could learn the discrimination and showed generalization to novel images of the drug-induced behaviors. They did not, however, show discriminative behavior according to the type and dosage of the drugs. Thus, they categorized the behavior not on the basis of degree of activity, but on the basis of abnormality.
	Address	Biopsychologie, Institut fur Kognitive Neurowissenschaft, Fakultat fur Psychologie, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany. yumyam@bio.psy.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15069613			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2527
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	Author	Yokoyama, S.; Radlwimmer, F.B.
	Title	The molecular genetics of red and green color vision in mammals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Genetics	Abbreviated Journal	Genetics
	Volume	153	Issue	2	Pages	919-932
	Keywords	Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; COS Cells; Cats; Color Perception/genetics; DNA Primers; Deer; Dolphins; Evolution, Molecular; Goats; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Humans; Mammals/genetics/physiology; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Opsin/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics; *Phylogeny; Rabbits; Rats; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sciuridae; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Transfection
	Abstract	To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of red-green color vision in mammals, we have cloned and sequenced the red and green opsin cDNAs of cat (Felis catus), horse (Equus caballus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). These opsins were expressed in COS1 cells and reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. The purified visual pigments of the cat, horse, squirrel, deer, and guinea pig have lambdamax values at 553, 545, 532, 531, and 516 nm, respectively, which are precise to within +/-1 nm. We also regenerated the “true” red pigment of goldfish (Carassius auratus), which has a lambdamax value at 559 +/- 4 nm. Multiple linear regression analyses show that S180A, H197Y, Y277F, T285A, and A308S shift the lambdamax values of the red and green pigments in mammals toward blue by 7, 28, 7, 15, and 16 nm, respectively, and the reverse amino acid changes toward red by the same extents. The additive effects of these amino acid changes fully explain the red-green color vision in a wide range of mammalian species, goldfish, American chameleon (Anolis carolinensis), and pigeon (Columba livia).
	Address	Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA. syokoyam@mailbox.syr.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0016-6731	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10511567			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4063
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	Author	Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Activity and task performance of hyperactive children as a function of environmental stimulation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Journal of consulting and clinical psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Consult Clin Psychol
	Volume	44	Issue	5	Pages	693-697
	Keywords	Achievement; Acoustic Stimulation; Arousal; Auditory Perception; Child; Humans; Hyperkinesis/etiology; Photic Stimulation; Visual Perception
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-006X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:965541			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	272
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	Author	Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R.; Barack, R.C.
	Title	Distraction as a function of within-task stimulation for hyperactive and normal children			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Journal of learning disabilities	Abbreviated Journal	J Learn Disabil
	Volume	11	Issue	9	Pages	540-548
	Keywords	Attention; Child; Child, Preschool; Color Perception; Female; Humans; Hyperkinesis/psychology; Male; Motor Skills; *Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-2194	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:731119			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	270
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Support for a theory of memory for event duration must distinguish between test-trial ambiguity and actual memory loss			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	72	Issue	3	Pages	467-472
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Memory/physiology; Psychological Theory; Time Factors; Time Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Staddon and Higa's (1999) trace-strength theory of timing and memory for event duration can account for pigeons' bias to “choose short” when retention intervals are introduced and to “choose long” when, following training with a fixed retention interval, retention intervals are shortened. However, it does not account for the failure of pigeons to choose short when the intertrial interval is distinct from the retention interval. That finding suggests that stimulus generalization (or ambiguity) between the intertrial interval and the retention interval may result in an effect that has been attributed to memory loss. Such artifacts must be eliminated before a theory of memory for event duration can be adequately tested.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10605105			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	251
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Configural/holistic processing or differential element versus compound similarity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	2	Pages	141-142
	Keywords	Animals; Chickens; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Female; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Visual Perception
	Abstract	Before accepting a configural or holistic account of visual perception, one should be sure that an analytic (elemental) account does not provide an equal or better explanation of the results. I suggest that when one forms a compound of a color and a line orientation with one element previously trained as an S+ and the other as an S-, the resulting transfer found will depend on the relative salience of the two elements, and most important, the similarity of the compound to each of the training stimuli. Thus, if a line orientation is placed on a colored background (a separable compound), it will appear more like the colored field used in training, and color will control responding. However, if the line itself is colored (an integral compound), the compound will appear more like the line used in training, and line orientation will control responding. Not only does this account do a better job of explaining the data but it is simpler and it is testable.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15449103			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	229
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