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| Author | Halford; G.S.; Halford, J.M . | ||||
| Title | Secondary reinforcement: signal or substitute reward? A preliminary investigation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1969 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Aus. J. Psychol | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3588 | ||
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| Author | Byrne, T.; Sutphin, G.; Poling, A. | ||||
| Title | Acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of responding with delayed and immediate reinforcement | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 43 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 97-101 |
| Keywords | Acquisition; Delayed reinforcement; Extinction; Rats | ||||
| Abstract | The present study investigated acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of free-operant responding when rats' lever presses produced water after a resetting delay of 0, 10, 20, or 30 s. Results indicated that: (1) responding was acquired rapidly at all delays without shaping or autoshaping; (2) resistance to extinction was directly related to delay length and inversely related to intermittency of reinforcement; (3) responding acquired with delayed reinforcement recovered less rapidly from extinction, and was less efficient, than responding acquired with immediate reinforcement. Comparing these results with those of studies using discrete-trials and free-operant procedures with no reinforcement delay suggest that the specific conditions under which behavior is maintained determines, in part, the behavioral effects of delay and intermittency of reinforcement. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3601 | ||
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| Author | Flannigan, G.; Stookey, J.M. | ||||
| Title | Day-time time budgets of pregnant mares housed in tie stalls: a comparison of draft versus light mares | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 125-143 |
| Keywords | Horse; Time budget; Stereotypies; Housing | ||||
| Abstract | Day-time (08.30-05.30 h) time budgets were generated from 55 light and 55 draft late pregnancy mares housed in tie stalls from ten pregnant mares' urine (PMU) farms using continuous video recording. Equal numbers of light and draft mares were filmed on each farm during the months of February and early March. The actions recorded included eating, drinking, resting (standing and recumbent), standing active, and interactions between horses (aggressive and non-aggressive). In addition, the presence and duration of stereotypic behaviours such as cribbing, head bobbing, weaving, and wood/bar chewing were recorded. Light mares spent significantly more time feeding and significantly less time standing active and standing resting (P<0.05, Rank Sum Two Sample Test). However, the time budget of both groups fell within the range of previously published activity budgets of feral horses. Therefore, the differences noted may not be clinically relevant. Three light and two draft mares performed repetitive behaviours at a level that is considered stereotypic (at >5% of their daily time budget). There was no significant difference in the number of horses performing stereotypies between light and draft mares. When the time budgets of both light and draft mares who performed stereotypies were pooled, the activities did not differ significantly from their counterparts who did not perform stereotypies. Because of the overall low prevalence of stereotypies and the fact that time budgets were similar to free-range horses, we believe that the management practice of keeping large numbers of pregnant mares in tie stalls is rational and that the welfare of mares is sound. Furthermore, we did not see a behavioural justification for a bias in the weight class of horses used within this management system. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3637 | ||
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| Author | Davies Morel, M.C.G.; Newcombe, J.R.; Holland, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Factors affecting gestation length in the Thoroughbred mare | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Animal Reproduction Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 74 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 175-185 |
| Keywords | Gestation length; Mare age; Foals; Month of year; Ovulation-mating interval | ||||
| Abstract | In order to assist in the accurate prediction of the timing of parturition in the mare true gestation length, along with the potential effect of a number of factors, was investigated. Data from 433 Thoroughbred foal pregnancies were used. Sequential ultrasonic scanning allowed the true gestation length (fertilisation-parturition) to be ascertained, as apposed to previous work, which used the mating-parturition interval. An average gestation length of 344.1+/-0.49 days was evident. Colt foal pregnancies were significantly (P<0.001) longer (346.2+/-0.72) than fillies (342.4+/-0.65). Month of birth had a significant effect on gestation length in all foals (P<0.001). With foals born in January having the shortest gestation lengths and those born in April the longest. Mare age, year of birth, stallion age, stud farm and the interval between ovulation and mating had no significant effect. It is concluded that (i) the gestation length range (315-388 days), all resulting in viable foals is noteworthy and of clinical importance when considering the classification of dysmaturity in foals, (ii) mares carrying colt foals due to be born in the middle of the breeding season (April) are likely to have the longer gestation lengths. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3638 | ||
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| Author | Sivak, J.G.; Allen, D.B. | ||||
| Title | An evaluation of the “ramp” retina of the horse eye | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1975 | Publication | Vision Research | Abbreviated Journal | Vision Res |
| Volume | 15 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 1353-1356 |
| Keywords | Accommodation, Ocular; Animals; Aqueous Humor/physiology; Cornea/physiology; Freezing; Horses/*anatomy & histology; Lens, Crystalline/anatomy & histology/physiology; Refraction, Ocular; Retina/*anatomy & histology; Vitreous Body/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Using a rapid freezing and sectioning technique, the distance between the lens and retina of the horse eye was measured. There is no indication of a ramp retina that could serve accommodation. The pupil axis of the eye coincides with the maximum lens to retina distance. The changes in the lens-retina distance are greater below the axis than above it. Calculations were made of refractive power of the horse eye from measurements of curvature and refractive indices of the ocular tissues. These calculations agree both qualitatively and quantitatively with retinoscopic measurements on live horses. Both show that the refractive state shifts in the direction of hyperopia above and below the axis and that this shift is greater below the axis than above it. Some dynamic accommodative ability in the living eye was observed. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0042-6989 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:1210017 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3647 | ||
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| Author | Geisbauer, G.; Griebel, U.; Schmid, A.; Timney, B | ||||
| Title | Brightness discrimination and neutral point | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Canadian Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | Can. J. Zool |
| Volume | 82 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 660-670 |
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| Abstract | Abstract: Equine brightness discrimination ability and color discrimination were measured using a two-choice discrimination task. Two Haflinger horses (Equus caballus L., 1758) were trained to discriminate 30 different shades of grey varying from low to high relative brightness. Their ability to distinguish shades of grey was poor, with calculated Weber fractions of 0.42 and 0.45. In addition, a “neutral point” test to determine the dimensionality of color vision was carried out. Three hues of blue-green were tested versus a range of grey targets with brightnesses similar to those of the blue-green targets. A neutral point was found at about 480 nm. Thus, we can conclude that horses possess dichromatic color vision. |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3649 | ||
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| Author | Pinchbeck, G.L.; Clegg, P.D.; Proudman, C.J.; Stirk, A.; Morgan, K.L.; French, N.P. | ||||
| Title | Horse injuries and racing practices in National Hunt racehorses in the UK: the results of a prospective cohort study | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | The Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 167 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 45-52 |
| Keywords | Racehorse; Horse; Injury; Cohort; National Hunt | ||||
| Abstract | A prospective cohort study was conducted on horses starting in hurdle and steeplechase races on six UK racecourses in 2000 and 2001. Trainers or carers were questioned on the horses' pre-race routine and observational data were collected in the stables and parade ring. Some practices were common to many starters, such as withholding food and water before racing whereas other practices, such as schooling frequency, were more variable. There was a total of 2879 starts and a total of 83 injuries or medical events (28.8/1000 starts). The commonest types of injury were tendon/suspensory injuries and lacerations/wounds. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify the relationship between predictor variables and the risk of injury. Risk of injury or medical event was associated with distance of the race and weight carried. The risk of injury, excluding medical events, was associated with the speed of the race and foot conformation. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3672 | ||
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| Author | Balakrishnan, G.; Hu, Y.; Spiro, T.G. | ||||
| Title | Temperature-jump apparatus with Raman detection based on a solid-state tunable (1.80-2.05 microm) kHz optical parametric oscillator laser | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied Spectroscopy | Abbreviated Journal | Appl Spectrosc |
| Volume | 60 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 347-351 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cytochromes c/analysis; Horses; Lasers; Myoglobin/metabolism; Spectrum Analysis, Raman/*instrumentation/*methods; *Temperature | ||||
| Abstract | The operating characteristics of a pulsed (10 ns) tunable near-infrared (NIR) laser source are described for temperature-jump (T-jump) applications. A Q-switched Nd:YLF laser (approximately 10 ns pulses) with a 1 kHz repetition rate is used to pump a potassium titanyl arsenate (KTA) crystal-based optical parametric oscillator (OPO), producing approximately 1 mJ NIR pulses that are tunable (1.80-2.05 microm) across the 1.9 microm vibrational overtone band of water. This T-jump source has been coupled to a deep ultraviolet (UV) probe laser for Raman studies of protein dynamics. T-jumps of up to 30 degrees C, as measured via the O-H stretching Raman band of water, are readily achieved. Application to cytochrome c unfolding is demonstrated. | ||||
| Address | Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-7028 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16613628 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3764 | ||
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| Author | Carpenter, M.; Nagell, K.; Tomasello, M.; Butterworth, G.; Moore, C. | ||||
| Title | Social Cognition, Joint Attention, and Communicative Competence from 9 to 15 Months of Age | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development | Abbreviated Journal | Monogr Soc Res Child Dev |
| Volume | 63 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1-174 |
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| Abstract | At around 1 year of age, human infants display a number of new behaviors that seem to indicate a newly emerging understanding of other persons as intentional beings whose attention to outside objects may be shared, followed into, and directed in various ways. These behaviors have mostly been studied separately. In the current study, we investigated the most important of these behaviors together as they emerged in a single group of 24 infants between 9 and 15 months of age. At each of seven monthly visits, we measured joint attentional engagement, gaze and point following, imitation of two different kinds of actions on objects, imperative and declarative gestures, and comprehension and production of language. We also measured several nonsocial-cognitive skills as a point of comparison. We report two studies. The focus of the first study was the initial emergence of infants' social-cognitive skills and how these skills are related to one another developmentally. We found a reliable pattern of emergence: Infants progressed from sharing to following to directing others' attention and behavior. The nonsocial skills did not emerge predictably in this developmental sequence. Furthermore, correlational analyses showed that the ages of emergence of all pairs of the social-cognitive skills or their components were interrelated. The focus of the second study was the social interaction of infants and their mothers, especially with regard to their skills of joint attentional engagement (including mothers' use of language to follow into or direct infants' attention) and how these skills related to infants' early communicative competence. Our measures of communicative competence included not only language production, as in previous studies, but also language comprehension and gesture production. It was found that two measures-the amount of time infants spent in joint engagement with their mothers and the degree to which mothers used language that followed into their infant's focus of attention-predicted infants' earliest skills of gestural and linguistic communication. Results of the two studies are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of social-cognitive development, for theories of language development, and for theories of the process by means of which human children become fully participating members of the cultural activities and processes into which they are born. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3997 | ||
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| Author | Stahl, F.; Dorner, G. | ||||
| Title | Responses of salivary cortisol levels to stress-situations | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1982 | Publication | Endokrinologie | Abbreviated Journal | Endokrinologie |
| Volume | 80 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 158-162 |
| Keywords | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/diagnostic use; Anxiety Disorders/metabolism; Circadian Rhythm; Cushing Syndrome/metabolism; Fear/physiology; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone/*metabolism; Male; Pain/metabolism; Pregnancy; Saliva/*metabolism; Stress/*metabolism | ||||
| Abstract | A procedure is described for determining salivary cortisol levels by a competitive protein-binding assay using horse transcortin. The collection of saliva was performed by means of filter paper-strips. Filter paper samples are more than 5 days stable after air-drying. In this form, the samples could be stored without refrigerator or deep-freezer and, if necessary, sent by post to the laboratory without any special precaution. Stressful situation of either painful or anxious origin were associated with an adequate increase of salivary cortisol levels. The increases were 157 to 230% of the initial or normal values dependent on the kind of stress. The mean values in 4 cases of Cushing's syndrome were 380% and 1 hour after 25 I.U. ACTH 690% higher than those in normal persons. In normal persons, a well-defined circadian rhythm has been observed. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0013-7251 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:6297880 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 4056 | ||
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