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	Author	Keay, J.M.; Singh, J.; Gaunt, M.C.; Kaur, T.
	Title	Fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites as indicators of stress in various mammalian species: a literature review			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians	Abbreviated Journal	J Zoo Wildl Med
	Volume	37	Issue	3	Pages	234-244
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/metabolism; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods/veterinary; Circadian Rhythm; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Feces/chemistry; Glucocorticoids/analysis/metabolism; Humans; Seasons; Species Specificity; Specimen Handling/methods/veterinary; Stress, Psychological/*metabolism
	Abstract	Conservation medicine is a discipline in which researchers and conservationists study and respond to the dynamic interplay between animals, humans, and the environment. From a wildlife perspective, animal species are encountering stressors from numerous sources. With the rapidly increasing human population, a corresponding increased demand for food, fuel, and shelter; habitat destruction; and increased competition for natural resources, the health and well-being of wild animal populations is increasingly at risk of disease and endangerment. Scientific data are needed to measure the impact that human encroachment is having on wildlife. Nonbiased biometric data provide a means to measure the amount of stress being imposed on animals from humans, the environment, and other animals. The stress response in animals functions via glucocorticoid metabolism and is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Fecal glucocorticoids, in particular, may be an extremely useful biometric test, since sample collection is noninvasive to subjects and, therefore, does not introduce other variables that may alter assay results. For this reason, many researchers and conservationists have begun to use fecal glucocorticoids as a means to measure stress in various animal species. This review article summarizes the literature on many studies in which fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites have been used to assess stress levels in various mammalian species. Variations between studies are the main focus of this review. Collection methods, storage conditions, shipping procedures, and laboratory techniques utilized by different researchers are discussed.
	Address	Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 0442 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1042-7260	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17319120			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	616
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	Author	Morton, D.B.
	Title	Self-consciousness and animal suffering			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Biologist (London, England)	Abbreviated Journal	Biologist (London)
	Volume	47	Issue	2	Pages	77-80
	Keywords	Animal Population Groups/psychology; Animal Welfare/standards; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Consciousness; Dogs; Ego; Horses/psychology; Pain/psychology/*veterinary; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Parrots; Pongo pygmaeus/psychology; Self Concept
	Abstract	Animals with relatively highly developed brains are likely to experience some degree of self-awareness and the ability to think. As well as being interesting in its own right, self-consciousness matters from an ethical point of view, since it can give rise to forms of suffering above and beyond the immediate physical sensations of pain or distress. This article surveys the evidence for animal self-consciousness and its implications for animal welfare.
	Address	Division of Primary Care, Public and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. d.b.morton@bham.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0006-3347	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11190233			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	618
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	Author	Murphy, J.; Arkins, S.
	Title	Equine learning behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	76	Issue	1	Pages	1-13
	Keywords	Horse; Behaviour; Learning; Processes; Memory
	Abstract	Scientists and equestrians continually seek to achieve a clearer understanding of equine learning behaviour and its implications for training. Behavioural and learning processes in the horse are likely to influence not only equine athletic success but also the usefulness of the horse as a domesticated species. However given the status and commercial importance of the animal, equine learning behaviour has received only limited investigation. Indeed most experimental studies on equine cognitive function to date have addressed behaviour, learning and conceptualisation processes at a moderately basic cognitive level compared to studies in other species. It is however, likely that the horses with the greatest ability to learn and form/understand concepts are those, which are better equipped to succeed in terms of the human-horse relationship and the contemporary training environment. Within equitation generally, interpretation of the behavioural processes and training of the desired responses in the horse are normally attempted using negative reinforcement strategies. On the other hand, experimental designs to actually induce and/or measure equine learning rely almost exclusively on primary positive reinforcement regimes. Employing two such different approaches may complicate interpretation and lead to difficulties in identifying problematic or undesirable behaviours in the horse. The visual system provides the horse with direct access to immediate environmental stimuli that affect behaviour but vision in the horse is of yet not fully investigated or understood. Further investigations of the equine visual system will benefit our understanding of equine perception, cognitive function and the subsequent link with learning and training. More detailed comparative investigations of feral or free-ranging and domestic horses may provide useful evidence of attention, stress and motivational issues affecting behavioural and learning processes in the horse. The challenge for scientists is, as always, to design and commission experiments that will investigate and provide insight into these processes in a manner that withstands scientific scrutiny.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	629
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	Author	Boyd, L.
	Title	Behavior problems of equids in zoos			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
	Volume	2	Issue	3	Pages	653-664
	Keywords	Aerophagy/veterinary; Aggression/psychology; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Behavior, Animal; Coprophagia/psychology; Female; Horses; Impotence/veterinary; Male; Mastication; Motor Activity; Perissodactyla; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Environment
	Abstract	Behavior problems in zoo equids commonly result from a failure to provide for needs basic to equine nature. Equids are gregarious, and failure to provide companions may result in pacing. Wild equids spend 60 to 70 per cent of their time grazing, and failure to provide ad libitum roughage contributes to the problems of pacing, cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia. Mimicking the normal processes of juvenile dispersal, bachelor-herd formation, and mate acquisition reduces the likelihood of agonistic and reproductive behavior problems. Infanticide can be avoided by introducing new stallions to herds containing only nonpregnant mares and older foals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0749-0739	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3492252			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	660
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	Author	Beaver, B.V.
	Title	Aggressive behavior problems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
	Volume	2	Issue	3	Pages	635-644
	Keywords	Affect; Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Dominance-Subordination; Fear; *Horses; Play and Playthings; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Environment
	Abstract	Accurate diagnosis of the cause of aggression in horses is essential to determining the appropriate course of action. The affective forms of aggression include fear-induced, pain-induced, intermale, dominance, protective, maternal, learned, and redirected aggressions. Non-affective aggression includes play and sex-related forms. Irritable aggression and hypertestosteronism in mares are medical problems, whereas genetic factors, brain dysfunction, and self-mutilation are also concerns.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0749-0739	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3492250			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	674
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	Author	Craig, J.V.
	Title	Measuring social behavior: social dominance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	62	Issue	4	Pages	1120-1129
	Keywords	Aggression; Agonistic Behavior; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Chickens; Competitive Behavior; Female; Horses; Male; Social Dominance; Swine
	Abstract	Social dominance develops more slowly when young animals are kept in intact peer groups where they need not compete for resources. Learned generalizations may cause smaller and weaker animals to accept subordinate status readily when confronted with strangers that would be formidable opponents. Sexual hormones and sensitivity to them can influence the onset of aggression and status attained. After dominance orders are established, they tend to be stable in female groups but are less so in male groups. Psychological influences can affect dominance relationships when strangers meet and social alliances within groups may affect relative status of individuals. Whether status associated with agonistic behavior is correlated with control of space and scarce resources needs to be determined for each species and each kind of resource. When such correlations exists, competitive tests and agonistic behavior associated with gaining access to scarce resources can be useful to the observer in learning about dominance relationships rapidly. Examples are given to illustrate how estimates of social dominance can be readily attained and some strengths and weaknesses of the various methods.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3519554			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	676
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	Author	Collery, L.
	Title	Observations of equine animals under farm and feral conditions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1974	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	170-173
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Breeding; Circadian Rhythm; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Puberty; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Dominance
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4473340			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	680
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	Author	Kiley, M.
	Title	The vocalizations of ungulates, their causation and function			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie	Abbreviated Journal	Z. Tierpsychol.
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	171-222
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Artiodactyla; Cattle; Fear; Female; Frustration; Horses; Humans; Male; Pain; Perissodactyla; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Swine; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0044-3573	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4674022			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	681
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	Author	Rivera, E.; Benjamin, S.; Nielsen, B.; Shelle, J.; Zanella, A.J.
	Title	Behavioral and physiological responses of horses to initial training: the comparison between pastured versus stalled horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	78	Issue	2-4	Pages	235-252
	Keywords	Horses; Housing; Training; Behavior; Stress; Cortisol; Welfare
	Abstract	Horses kept in stalls are deprived of opportunities for social interactions, and the performance of natural behaviors is limited. Inadequate environmental conditions may compromise behavioral development. Initial training is a complex process and it is likely that the responses of horses may be affected by housing conditions. Sixteen 2-year-old Arabian horses were kept on pasture (P) (n=8) or in individual stalls (S) (n=8). Twelve horses (six P and six S) were subjected to a standardized training procedure, carried out by two trainers in a round pen, and 4 horses (two P and two S) were introduced to the round pen but were not trained (C; control). On sample collection day 0, 7, 21 and 28, behavior observations were carried out, blood samples were drawn and heart rates were monitored. Total training time for the stalled horses was significantly higher than total time for the pastured horses (S: 26.4+/-1.5 min; P: 19.7+/-1.1; P=0.032). The stalled group required more time to habituate to the activities occurring from the start of training to mounting (S: 11.4+/-0.96; P: 7.3+/-0.75 min; P=0.007). Frequency of unwanted behavior was higher in the stalled horses (S: 8.0+/-2.0; P: 2.2+/-1.0; P=0.020). Pastured horses tended to have higher basal heart rates on day 0 (S: 74.7+/-4.8; P: 81.8+/-5.3 bpm; P=0.0771). While the physiological data failed to identify differences between housing groups, the behavioral data suggest that pasture-kept horses adapt more easily to training than stalled horses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	717
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	Author	Araba, B.D.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.
	Title	Dominance relationships and aggression of foals (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	41	Issue	1-2	Pages	1-25
	Keywords	aggression; dominance; horse; Equus caballus
	Abstract	Studied a herd of 15 Belgian brood-mares and 10 foals. Specific aspects of social structure studied were dominance-subordinance relationships, preferred associates, social spacing, aggression rates, the frequency of aggressions administered down the dominance hierarchy, and interactive play bouts. The rank order of the foals, both before and after weaning, was positively correlated with the rank order of their dams. There was also a significant relationship between a foal's rank and its total aggression or aggression rate per subordinate post-weaning. Higher ranking foals had higher rates of aggression. Over 80% of threats were directed down the dominance hierachy. The play-rank order of the foals, scored by the number of times foal left a play bout, was not significantly correlated with the rank order as scored by agonistic interactions. -from Authors
	Address	Dept Anatomy and Radiology, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	01681591 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	790
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