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	Author	Beran, M.J.; Beran, M.M.; Harris, E.H.; Washburn, D.A.
	Title	Ordinal judgments and summation of nonvisible sets of food items by two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	31	Issue	3	Pages	351-362
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chi-Square Distribution; Cognition; Color Perception/physiology; Female; Food; Judgment/physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Serial Learning/*physiology; Size Perception
	Abstract	Two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque rapidly learned the ordinal relations between 5 colors of containers (plastic eggs) when all containers of a given color contained a specific number of identical food items. All 3 animals also performed at high levels when comparing sets of containers with sets of visible food items. This indicates that the animals learned the approximate quantity of food items in containers of a given color. However, all animals failed in a summation task, in which a single container was compared with a set of 2 containers of a lesser individual quantity but a greater combined quantity. This difficulty was not overcome by sequential presentation of containers into opaque receptacles, but performance improved if the quantitative difference between sizes was very large.
	Address	Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16045389			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2766
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	Author	McGonigle, B.; Chalmers, M.; Dickinson, A.
	Title	Concurrent disjoint and reciprocal classification by Cebus apella in seriation tasks: evidence for hierarchical organization			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	3	Pages	185-197
	Keywords	Animals; Cebus/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Form Perception/physiology; Male; Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception/*physiology
	Abstract	We report the results of a 4-year-long study of capuchin monkeys ( Cebus apella ) on concurrent three-way classification and linear size seriation tasks using explicit ordering procedures, requiring subjects to select icons displayed on touch screens rather than manipulate and sort actual objects into groups. The results indicate that C. apella is competent to classify nine items concurrently, first into three disjoint classes where class exemplars are identical to one another, then into three reciprocal classes which share common exemplar (size) features. In the final phase we compare the relative efficiency of executive control under conditions where both hierarchical and/or linear organization can be utilized. Whilst this shows a superiority of categorical based size seriation for a nine item test set suggesting an adaptive advantage for hierarchical over linear organization, Cebus nevertheless achieved high levels of principled linear size seriation with sequence lengths not normally achieved by children below the age of six years.
	Address	Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Appleton Tower, George Square, Edinburgh EH 8 9QJ, UK. ejua48@holyrood.ed.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12761655			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2568
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	Author	Rapin, V.; Poncet, P.A.; Burger, D.; Mermod, C.; Richard, M.A.
	Title	[Measurement of the attention time in the horse]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde	Abbreviated Journal	Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd
	Volume	149	Issue	2	Pages	77-83
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Attention/physiology; Conditioning, Operant; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Horses/physiology; Learning/physiology; Male; Memory/physiology; Time Factors
	Abstract	A study carried out on 49 horses showed that it is possible to measure the attention time by operant conditioning. After teaching horses an instrumental task using a signal, we were then able to test their attention time by asking them to prolong it increasingly while setting success and failure criteria. Two tests were performed 3 weeks apart. The 2nd test was feasible without relearning, a proof of memory, and was repeatable, a proof of consistency in the attention time. A significant difference was observed between the 3 age groups. Young horses often performed very well during the 1st test but their attention dropped in the 2nd test while older horses were more stable with respect to attention and even increased it slightly. The study shows that there are individual differences but it was not possible to prove a significant influence of breed, gender and paternal influence. Consequently, learning appears to be one of the most interesting approaches for evaluating the attention of horses and for observing their behaviour.
	Address	Laboratoire d'Ecoethologie, Universite de Neuchatel, Suisse. veronique.rapin@unine.ch
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	French	Summary Language		Original Title	Mesure de la duree d'attention chez le cheval
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-7281	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17343134			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1770
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	Author	Range, F.; Bugnyar, T.; Schlogl, C.; Kotrschal, K.
	Title	Individual and sex differences in learning abilities of ravens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	73	Issue	1	Pages	100-106
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Crows; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Exploratory Behavior/physiology; Female; Individuality; Male; Sex Factors; Spatial Behavior
	Abstract	Behavioral and physiological characteristics of individuals within the same species have been found to be stable across time and contexts. In this study, we investigated individual differences in learning abilities and object and social manipulation to test for consistency within individuals across different tasks. Individual ravens (Corvus corax) were tested in simple color and position discrimination tasks to establish their learning abilities. We found that males were significantly better in the acquisition of the first discrimination task and the object manipulation task, but not in any of the other tasks. Furthermore, faster learners engaged less often in manipulations of conspecifics and exploration of objects to get access to food. No relationship between object and social manipulation and reversal training were found. Our results suggest that individual differences in regard to the acquisition of new tasks may be related to personalities or at least object manipulation in ravens.
	Address	Konrad Lorenz Research Station, A-4645 Gruenau 11, Austria. friederike.range@univie.ac.at
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16675158			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4146
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	Author	Fox, N.A.
	Title	Temperament and early experience form social behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1038	Issue		Pages	171-178
	Keywords	Adult; Animals; Child; Child Behavior Disorders/physiopathology; Fear/physiology; Humans; Individuality; Infant; Learning/physiology; Personality Development; Social Behavior; Temperament/physiology
	Abstract	Individual differences in the way persons respond to stimulation can have important consequences for their ability to learn and their choice of vocation. Temperament is the study of such individual differences, being thought of as the behavioral style of an individual. Common to all approaches in the study of temperament are the notions that it can be identified in infancy, is fairly stable across development, and influences adult personality. We have identified a specific temperament type in infancy that involves heightened distress to novel and unfamiliar stimuli. Infants who exhibit this temperament are likely, as they get older, to display behavioral inhibition-wariness and heightened vigilance of the unfamiliar-particularly in social situations. Our work has also described the underlying biology of this temperament and has linked it to neural systems supporting fear responses in animals. Children displaying behavioral inhibition are at-risk for behavioral problems related to anxiety and social withdrawal.
	Address	Institute for Child Study, Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, 3304 Benjamin Building, College Park, MD 20742-1131, USA. nf4@umail.umd.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15838111			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4131
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	Author	Imura, T.; Tomonaga, M.
	Title	Perception of depth from shading in infant chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	253-258
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Contrast Sensitivity/physiology; Depth Perception/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/growth & development/physiology/*psychology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology
	Abstract	We investigated the ability to perceive depth from shading, one of the pictorial depth cues, in three chimpanzee infants aged 4-10 months old, using a preferential reaching task commonly used to study pictorial depth perception in human infants. The chimpanzee infants reached significantly more to three-dimensional toys than to pictures thereof and more to the three-dimensional convex than to the concave. Furthermore, two of the three infants reached significantly more to the photographic convex than to the photographic concave. These infants also looked longer at the photographic convex than the concave. Our results suggest that chimpanzees perceive, at least as early as the latter half of the first year of life, pictorial depth defined by shading information. Photographic convexes contain richer information about pictorial depth (e.g., attached shadow, cast shadow, highlighted area, and global difference in brightness) than simple computer-graphic graded patterns. These cues together might facilitate the infants' perception of depth from shading.
	Address	Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14610661			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2550
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	Author	Parr, L.A.
	Title	Perceptual biases for multimodal cues in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) affect recognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	7	Issue	3	Pages	171-178
	Keywords	Acoustic Stimulation; Animal Communication; Animals; Auditory Perception/physiology; Cues; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Facial Expression; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Perceptual Masking/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	The ability of organisms to discriminate social signals, such as affective displays, using different sensory modalities is important for social communication. However, a major problem for understanding the evolution and integration of multimodal signals is determining how humans and animals attend to different sensory modalities, and these different modalities contribute to the perception and categorization of social signals. Using a matching-to-sample procedure, chimpanzees discriminated videos of conspecifics' facial expressions that contained only auditory or only visual cues by selecting one of two facial expression photographs that matched the expression category represented by the sample. Other videos were edited to contain incongruent sensory cues, i.e., visual features of one expression but auditory features of another. In these cases, subjects were free to select the expression that matched either the auditory or visual modality, whichever was more salient for that expression type. Results showed that chimpanzees were able to discriminate facial expressions using only auditory or visual cues, and when these modalities were mixed. However, in these latter trials, depending on the expression category, clear preferences for either the visual or auditory modality emerged. Pant-hoots and play faces were discriminated preferentially using the auditory modality, while screams were discriminated preferentially using the visual modality. Therefore, depending on the type of expressive display, the auditory and visual modalities were differentially salient in ways that appear consistent with the ethological importance of that display's social function.
	Address	Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, GA 30329, Atlanta, USA. parr@rmy.emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14997361			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2544
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	Author	Macphail, E.M.
	Title	Cognitive function in mammals: the evolutionary perspective			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Brain research. Cognitive brain research	Abbreviated Journal	Brain Res Cogn Brain Res
	Volume	3	Issue	3-4	Pages	279-290
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology; Evolution; Humans; Learning/*physiology; Task Performance and Analysis
	Abstract	The work of behavioural pharmacologists has concentrated on small animals, such as rodents and pigeons. The validity of extrapolation of their findings to humans depends upon the existence of parallels in both physiology and psychology between these animals and humans. This paper considers the question whether there are in fact substantial cognitive parallels between, first, different non-human groups of vertebrates and, second, non-humans and humans. Behavioural data from 'simple' tasks, such as habituation and conditioning, do not point to species differences among vertebrates. Using examples that concentrate on the performance of rodents and birds, it is argued that, similarly, data from more complex tasks (learning-set formation, transitive inference, and spatial memory serve as examples) reveal few if any cognitive differences amongst non-human vertebrates. This conclusion supports the notion that association formation may be the critical problem-solving process available to non-human animals; associative mechanisms are assumed to have evolved to detect causal links between events, and would therefore be relevant in all ecological niches. In agreement with this view, recent advances in comparative neurology show striking parallels in functional organisation of mammalian and avian telencephalon. Finally, it is argued that although the peculiarly human capacity for language marks a large cognitive contrast between humans and non-humans, there is good evidence-in particular, from work on implicit learning--that the learning mechanisms available to non--humans are present and do play an important role in human cognition.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of York at Heslington, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0926-6410	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8806029			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	603
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	Author	Gibson, B.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; McDonald, R.J.
	Title	Finding a goal on dry land and in the water: differential effects of disorientation on spatial learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Behavioural brain research	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Brain. Res.
	Volume	123	Issue	1	Pages	103-111
	Keywords	Animals; Cues; Environment; Male; Maze Learning/physiology; Orientation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Spatial Behavior/*physiology; Water
	Abstract	Two previous studies, Martin et al. (J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 23 (1997) 183) and Dudchenko et al. (J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 23 (1997) 194), report that, compared to non-disoriented controls, rats disoriented before testing were disrupted in their ability to learn the location of a goal on a dry radial-arm maze task, but that both groups learned at the same rate in the Morris water maze. However, the radial-arm maze task was much more difficult than the water maze. In the current set of experiments, we examined the performance of control and disoriented rats on more comparable dry land and water maze tasks. Compared to non-disoriented rats, rats that were disoriented before testing were significantly impaired in locating a goal in a circular dry arena, but not a water tank. The results constrain theoretical explanations for the differential effects of disorientation on different spatial tasks.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3. gibson@psych.utoronto.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0166-4328	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11377733			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	372
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Riley, D.A.
	Title	Selective attention in animal discrimination learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	The Journal of general psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Gen Psychol
	Volume	127	Issue	1	Pages	45-66
	Keywords	Animals; Attention/physiology; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology; Cues; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Generalization, Response; Rats
	Abstract	The traditional approach to the study of selective attention in animal discrimination learning has been to ask if animals are capable of the central selective processing of stimuli, such that certain aspects of the discriminative stimuli are partially or wholly ignored while their relationships to each other, or other relevant stimuli, are processed. A notable characteristic of this research has been that procedures involve the acquisition of discriminations, and the issue of concern is whether learning is selectively determined by the stimulus dimension defined by the discriminative stimuli. Although there is support for this kind of selective attention, in many cases, simpler nonattentional accounts are sufficient to explain the results. An alternative approach involves procedures more similar to those used in human information-processing research. When selective attention is studied in humans, it generally involves the steady state performance of tasks for which there is limited time allowed for stimulus input and a relatively large amount of relevant information to be processed; thus, attention must be selective or divided. When this approach is applied to animals and alternative accounts have been ruled out, stronger evidence for selective or divided attention in animals has been found. Similar processes are thought to be involved when animals search more natural environments for targets. Finally, an attempt is made to distinguish these top-down attentional processes from more automatic preattentional processes that have been studied in humans and other animals.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. Zentall@pop.uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-1309	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10695951			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	250
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