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Author |
Hughes, K.L.; Sulaiman, I. |
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Title |
The ecology of Rhodococcus equi and physicochemical influences on growth |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Veterinary Microbiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Microbiol |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
241-250 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Feces/microbiology; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Rhodococcus/*growth & development; *Soil Microbiology; Temperature |
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Abstract |
Growth of Rhodococcus equi was studied in vitro. Optimal growth occurred under aerobic conditions between pH 7.0 and 8.5, at 30 degrees C. R. equi survived better in a neutral soil (pH 7.3) than it did in two acid soils (pH less than 5.5). It grew substantially better in soils enriched with faeces than in soils alone. Simple organic acids in horse dung, especially acetate and propionate, appear to be important in supporting growth of R. equi in the environment. The ecology of R. equi can be best explained by an environmental cycle allowing its proliferation in dung, influenced by management, grazing behaviour and prevailing climatic conditions. Preventive measures should be aimed at reducing or avoiding focal areas of faecal contamination in the environment. |
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School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia |
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English |
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0378-1135 |
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PMID:3672866 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2678 |
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Author |
Hardy, J.L. |
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Title |
The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
37 |
Issue |
3 Suppl |
Pages |
18s-32s |
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Keywords |
Aedes/microbiology; Animals; Birds; California; Culex/microbiology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/*physiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*history/microbiology/transmission/veterinary; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/history/transmission; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mammals |
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Abstract |
Reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. Extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the Central Valley of California have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts involved in the basic virus transmission cycle, but the overall concept remains unchanged. The basic transmission cycle involves Culex tarsalis as the primary vector mosquito species and house finches and house sparrows as the primary amplifying hosts. Secondary amplifying hosts, upon which Cx. tarsalis frequently feeds, include other passerine species, chickens, and possibly pheasants in areas where they are abundant. Another transmission cycle that most likely is initiated from the Cx. tarsalis-wild bird cycle involves Aedes melanimon and the blacktail jackrabbit. Like humans and horses, California ground squirrels, western tree squirrels, and a few other wild mammal species become infected tangentially with the virus but do not contribute significantly to virus amplification. |
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Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720 |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:3318522 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2677 |
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Author |
Takai, S.; Fujimori, T.; Katsuzaki, K.; Tsubaki, S. |
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Title |
Ecology of Rhodococcus equi in horses and their environment on horse-breeding farms |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Veterinary Microbiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Microbiol |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
233-239 |
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Keywords |
Actinomycetales Infections/*veterinary; Animals; Animals, Newborn/*microbiology; *Environmental Microbiology; Feces/microbiology; Female; Horse Diseases/*microbiology; Horses/*microbiology; Rhodococcus/*isolation & purification |
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Abstract |
Quantitative culture of R. equi in the feces of dams and foals, in the air of the stalls and in the soil of the paddocks was carried out on three horse-breeding farms during the foaling season. The isolation rates of R. equi from the feces of dams from the 3 farms suddenly increased to approximately 80% at the end of March, when the snow in the paddocks finished melting, and remained at that level during April and May. The mean number of R. equi and the isolation rate of R. equi from the feces of dams on the farms were investigated for 5 weeks before and 5 weeks after delivery. During the 10 weeks, there were no differences in the isolation rate or in the mean number of R. equi from the feces of dams. R. equi was first isolated from the feces of the foals born in February and the middle of March at 3-4 weeks of age, on the other hand, it was first isolated from the feces of foals born in the end of March and April at 1-2 weeks of age. The number of R. equi in the soil collected from the paddocks used by dams during the winter was approximately 10(2)-10(4) g-1 of soil during the experiment. R. equi was isolated from the air in the stalls at the end of March and the number of R. equi in the air increased particularly on dry and windy days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
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Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan |
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0378-1135 |
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PMID:3672865 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2679 |
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Author |
Deuel, N.R.; Lawrence, L.M. |
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Title |
Laterality in the gallop gait of horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Journal of biomechanics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Biomech |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
645-649 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Functional Laterality; *Gait; Horses/*physiology; Kinesis |
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Abstract |
Bilateral asymmetry in gallop stride limb contact patterns of four Quarter Horse fillies was documented by high-speed cinematography. Horses were filmed with rider by two cameras simultaneously while galloping along a straightaway. Even though signaled for each gallop lead an equivalent number of times, horses frequently switched leads, selecting the left lead nearly twice as often as the right. Velocities and stride lengths were greater for the left lead than the right, but stride frequencies did not differ between leads. Velocity effects were partitioned out in limb contact data analysis to enable the determination of persistent gallop stride asymmetries. The contact duration for the trailing (right) fore limb on the left lead exceeded the contact duration for the trailing (left) fore limb on the right lead. Selecting the right fore limb as the trailing fore limb may have allowed horses to use it to withstand the greater stresses and caused them to preferentially gallop with the left fore limb leading. Laterality may have an important influence on equine gallop motion patterns and thereby influence athletic performance. |
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0021-9290 |
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Notes |
PMID:3611140 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
528 |
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Author |
Berger J, |
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Title |
Reproductive fates of dispersers in a harem-dwelling ungulate: the wild horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Mammalian Dispersal Patterns: The Effects of Social Structure on Population Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mammalian dispersal Patterns |
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Pages |
41-54 |
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Chepko-Sade, B.D. ; Halpin, Z.T. |
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Original Title |
Mammalian Dispersal Patterns: The Effects of Social Structure on Population Genetics |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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940 |
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Author |
Ginsberg, J.R. |
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Title |
Social behavior and mating strategies of an arid adapted equid: the Grevy's zebra. |
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Manuscript |
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Year |
1987 |
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Prnceton |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2295 |
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Author |
GODFREY D et al, |
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Title |
Zebra stripes and tiger stripes: the special frequency distribution of the pattern compared to that of the background is significant in disply and crysis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
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Biol J Linnean Soc |
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32 |
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427-433 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1116 |
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Author |
Harley Eh, |
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Title |
The retrieval of the quagga |
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Journal Article |
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1987 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1160 |
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Author |
Sherwin, C.M.; Johnson, K.G. |
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Title |
The influence of social factors on the use of shade by sheep |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
18 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
143-155 |
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Abstract |
Individual differences in shading behaviour within a flock of sheep could be due to differences in thermoregulatory capabilities or to the influence of social factors. The possible influence of social factors on shade-use is examined in this paper. Two measures of dominance were made on 39 Merino wethers. These were based on the hierarchy determined by butting during feeding and on priority of access to limited feed. Leadership was also assessed while driving the sheep to a woolshed and as the sheep entered weighing scales. These behavioural traits were compared with leadership to shade and shade-use observed on 9 days during summer in a small pastureless enclosure containing natural shade. Maximum ambient temperature on these 9 days varied between 29.0 and 39.5[degree sign]C. All behavioural traits examined were significantly repeatable. The two dominance ranks were negatively correlated (P<0.05). The butting hierarchy was correlated with shading behaviour; those sheep that butted the larger proportion of the flock were seen to shade for longer periods of time (P=0.05). This relationship became more significant as environmental temperature increased. Significant (P<0.05) differences in the amount of time each sheep spent shading were evident throughout the flock, but in particular seven individuals shaded much less than others. Shade-use increased in hot weather and was slightly more strongly correlated with radiation load than with air temperature. The non-shading leadership ranks were related neither to each other nor to the leadership to shade. However, the sheep that moved to shade first remained there longest (P<0.05). Reduced motivation to feed did not appear to explain early movement to shade. Few overtly aggressive or other interactions between animals were seen to be associated with movements to or within shade. Nonetheless, the results indicate that social forces do exert some influence on shade-use. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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2037 |
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Author |
Kacelnik, A. |
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Title |
Information primacy or preference for familiar foraging techniques? A critique of Inglis & Ferguson |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
35 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
925-926 |
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2121 |
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