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	Author	de Waal, F.B.; Luttrell, L.M.
	Title	The similarity principle underlying social bonding among female rhesus monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Folia Primatol (Basel)
	Volume	46	Issue	4	Pages	215-234
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Grooming; Group Processes; Macaca/physiology; Macaca mulatta/physiology; Male; Object Attachment
	Abstract	Twenty adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were observed over a three-year period. They lived in a mixed captive group with kinship relations known for three generations. The study's aim was to test Seyfarth's [J. theor. Biol. 65: 671-698, 1977] model of rank-related grooming and to investigate two other possible determinants of social bonding, i.e. relative age and the group's stratification into two social classes. Data on affiliation, coalitions, and social competition were collected by means of both focal observation and instantaneous time sampling. Whereas certain elements of the existing model were confirmed, its explanatory principles were not. Social competition did not result in more contact among close-ranking females (the opposite effect was found), and the relation between affiliative behavior and coalitions was more complex than predicted. Based on multivariate analyses and a comparison of theoretical models, we propose a simpler, more encompassing principle underlying interfemale attraction. According to this 'similarity principle', rhesus females establish bonds with females whom they most resemble. The similarity may concern genetical and social background, age, hierarchical position and social class. Effects of these four factors were independently demonstrated. The most successful model assumed that similarity factors influence female bonding in a cumulative fashion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0015-5713	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3557225			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	211
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.
	Title	The organization of agonistic relations within two captive groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie	Abbreviated Journal	Z. Tierpsychol.
	Volume	44	Issue	3	Pages	225-282
	Keywords	Age Factors; Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Competitive Behavior/physiology; Fear; Female; Haplorhini; Humans; Macaca/physiology; Macaca fascicularis/physiology; Male; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Social Dominance
	Abstract	The paper offers a detailed quantitative descripition of the distribution of agonistic activities over the members of two groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). These groups lived in captivity and were well-established: i.e. they had an extensive network of genealogical relationships. The study pays special attention to agonistic interactions with three or more participants. Its main purpose is an analysis of the way dyadic agonistic relations (e.g. dominance relations) are affected by third group members and the relations among these. The paper presents data on the ontogeny of 'dependent dominance', the 'control role' of the alpha-male, and the functions of different types of alliances.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0044-3573	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:412345			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	213
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	Author	Griffin, D.R.
	Title	Animals know more than we used to think			Type
	Year	2001	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	98	Issue	9	Pages	4833-4834
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Attention/physiology; Brain/physiology; Choice Behavior/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Humans; Macaca mulatta/physiology/psychology; Memory/*physiology; Optic Disk/physiology; Psychological Tests
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11320232			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2823
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	Author	Williams, N.
	Title	Evolutionary psychologists look for roots of cognition			Type
	Year	1997	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	275	Issue	5296	Pages	29-30
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Birds; Cognition; Evolution; Female; Humans; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Memory; Reward; Social Sciences
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8999531			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2845
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	Author	Jensen, G.D.; Gordon, B.N.; Wolfheim, J.
	Title	Nursing behavior in infant monkeys: a sequence analysis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	55	Issue	1-2	Pages	115-127
	Keywords	Animals; Dependency (Psychology); Feeding Behavior; Female; Macaca; Male; Sensory Deprivation; Social Behavior; Spatial Behavior
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-7959	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1191212			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4153
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	Author	Bernstein, I.S.; Dobrofsky, M.
	Title	Compensatory social responses of older pigtailed monkeys to maternal separation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Developmental Psychobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Psychobiol
	Volume	14	Issue	2	Pages	163-168
	Keywords	Animals; Dependency (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina; Male; Maternal Deprivation; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Thirteen 3-5-year-old pigtailed monkeys were subjected to five 2-hr maternal separations while remaining in their normal social group. Significant changes in activity profiles were noted during separation and reunion phases. This suggests the continued social dependence of older offspring upon the matriarch. The shift in social activities reflected attempts by the juvenile and adolescent subjects to compensate for maternal absence by intensification of other affiliative social behavior and avoidance of potentially socially disruptive situation. The subjects oriented more towards kin in the absence of the matriarch, but actual time with kin decreased. Upon the return of the matriarch, the intensified some responses depressed during her absence and returned to preseparation social relationships. Play and aggressive responses declined whereas social approaches increased during maternal absences. Submissive responses declined upon the return of the matriarch, and play increased. The subjects also showed a marked, temporary increase of direct interaction, largely sniffing and grooming, with the matriarch upon her return.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-1630	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7202854			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4171
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	Author	Cook, M.; Mineka, S.; Wolkenstein, B.; Laitsch, K.
	Title	Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Journal of abnormal psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Abnorm Psychol
	Volume	94	Issue	4	Pages	591-610
	Keywords	Animals; Conditioning, Classical; Fear; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male; Snakes
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-843X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4078162			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	707
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	Author	Brennan, J.; Anderson, J.
	Title	*Varying responses to feeding competition in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	29	Issue	3	Pages	353-360
	Keywords	Macaca mulatta – Dominance – Feeding – Agonistic behaviour – Snakes
	Abstract	The behaviour of members of a group of rhesus monkeys was observed in experimentally created, competitive feeding situations. Socially dominant members of the group tended to start eating before lower-ranking subjects, and generally ate more. Dominants sometimes used aggression to control access to food, but overall, intermediate-ranking monkeys were involved in most agonistic episodes. Non-dominant subjects improved their feeding performance when food was presented in three piles rather than one pile, often by snatching food and consuming it away from the pile. These general patterns were less evident when realistic snake models were placed on some of the food piles. Feeding was disrupted by the presence of snakes, but notably, subordinates risked feeding in these conditions. Piles containing preferred foods and snakes were eaten from, but a low-preference food (carrot) under snakes went untouched by all subjects. The results suggest that group-members evaluate potential risks and benefits of competing for a restricted resource, and that dominance status, while an important factor, is only one element in the equation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	809
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	Author	Dubuc, C.; Chapais, B.
	Title	Feeding Competition in Macaca fascicularis : An Assessment of the Early Arrival Tactic			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	International Journal of Primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Int. J. Primatol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	male tolerance – alternative tactics – arrival order – dominance – Macaca fascicularis
	Abstract	In primate species with unidirectional dominance relationships, rank order restricts the access of nondominant females to clumped resources. However, females might attempt to bypass the rank order by reaching feeding sites before the highest ranking individuals (early arrival tactic) when there are net benefits. We therefore analyzed the order of arrival to the feeding site of the adult members of a captive group of long-tailed macaques. We used 2 experimental conditions that differed in the spatial distribution of a fixed amount of food (large vs. small patch). Though each condition induced contest competition, it was stronger in the small-patch condition. Arrival order does not correlate with dominance rank in either experimental condition. The α-male and α-female reached the feeding site 10-30 s after the beginning of the test. Some females seized on opportunities to reach the feeding site before them, especially in the large-patch condition. They used the early arrival tactic when the risks of aggression were relatively low, which subjects accomplished either by being dominant or by being nondominant but tolerated by the α-male. Social tolerance may provide individuals with an alternative means to obtain resources. In sum, variation in food abundance and distribution may affect the extent to which rank order determines order of arrival to feeding sites. A higher rank may confer priority in the choice of tactics, but not necessarily priority of access to the resources themselves.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	812
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	Author	Sueur, C.; Petit, O.
	Title	Organization of Group Members at Departure Is Driven by Social Structure in Macaca			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	International Journal of Primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Int. J. Primatol.
	Volume	29	Issue	4	Pages	1085-1098
	Keywords	dominance – kinship – Macaca tonkeana – M. mulatta – network metrics – order – movement
	Abstract	Abstract Researchers have often explained order of progression of group members during joint movement in terms of the influence of ecological pressures but rarely that of social constraints. We studied the order of joining by group members to a movement in semifree-ranging macaques with contrasting social systems: 1 group of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) and 1 group of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). We used network metrics to understand roles and associations among individuals. The way the macaques joined a movement reflected the social differences between the species in terms of dominance and kinship. Old and dominant male rhesus macaques were more often at the front of the movement, contrary to the Tonkean macaques, which exhibited no specific order. Moreover, rhesus macaques preferred to join high-ranking or related individuals, whereas Tonkean macaques based associations during joining mostly on sexual relationships with a subgroup of peripheral males.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5125
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