| |
Records |
Links |
|
Author |
Hoffmann; G. |
|
| |
Title |
Bewegungsaktivität und Stressbelastung bei Pferden in Auslaufhaltungssystemen mit verschiedenen Bewegungsangeboten |
Type |
Manuscript |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Dissertation |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
|
|
| |
Keywords |
|
|
| |
Abstract  |
Pferdehaltungssysteme mit angrenzenden Ausläufen gelten als eine sehr tiergerechte
Haltungsform, da sie den Tieren eine gewisse Bewegungsmöglichkeit
bieten. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, zu erfassen, ob der angrenzende
Auslauf selbst einen ausreichenden Anreiz zur Bewegung darstellt und wie sich verschiedene
Bewegungs- und Platzangebote auf die Bewegungsaktivität von Pferden
in einer Gruppen-Auslaufhaltung auswirken. Zudem wurde ermittelt, welche Auswirkung
die Bewegungsform bzw. –intensität auf das Wohlbefinden der Tiere hat.
Der Großteil der in Deutschland gehaltenen Pferde verbringt die meiste Zeit des
Tages im Stall, obwohl mittlerweile bekannt ist, dass Pferde unter natürlichen
Haltungsbedingungen 12 bis 16 Stunden des Tages in Bewegung verbringen. Der
Optimierung der Stallhaltungssysteme gilt daher ein besonderes Interesse.
Zu diesem Zweck wurden von September 2004 bis Oktober 2005 Versuche mit 24
Warmblutstuten im Alter von 1½ bis 3½ Jahren in Einzel- und Gruppen-
Auslaufhaltungssystemen durchgeführt. Jeweils sechs Pferde bildeten eine Versuchsgruppe.
In jeder Gruppe fanden fünf Varianten von einer ca. dreiwöchigen
Dauer statt. Die Gruppenhaltung wurde dabei durch drei unterschiedliche Zusatzbewegungsangebote
(2 Std. Weide / Tag, 2 Std. unbegrünte Koppel / Tag, 1 Std. Freilauf-
Führanlage / Tag) ergänzt. In der Einzel-Auslaufhaltung (Box mit 45 m²-großem
angrenzenden Auslauf) und in einer Versuchsvariante der Gruppenhaltung bekamen
die Pferde hingegen keine zusätzliche Bewegung außerhalb des Stallhaltungssystems
angeboten. Das Gruppenhaltungssystem selbst war durch die räumliche
Trennung der Funktionsbereiche (Liegen, Fressen, Trinken, Bewegen) gekennzeichnet
und der angrenzende Auslauf war 270 m² groß. In einer zusätzlichen Versuchsphase
fand in der Gruppenhaltung eine Erweiterung des permanent zugänglichen
Auslaufs auf insg. 540 m² statt.
Die Bewegungsaktivität wurde mit Pedometern erfasst, die an jeweils einem Hinterbein
der Pferde befestigt wurden und ergänzend fand eine Analyse von Videoaufzeichnungen
statt. Zur Beurteilung der Stressbelastung fanden Messungen der Herz192
Zusammenfassung
frequenzvariabilität (Parameter HF und SD2) und der fäkalen Cortisolmetabolitenkonzentration
statt.
Die Auswertung des Bewegungsverhaltens ergab, dass eine zusätzliche zweistündige
freie Bewegung der Pferdegruppe auf einer Weide zu einer deutlichen
Steigerung der durchschnittlichen Bewegungsaktivität (149,6 Min. / Tag) führt,
ebenso wie eine einstündige Bewegung in einer Führanlage (173,0 Min. / Tag). Eine
unbegrünte Koppel regte die Pferde der Gruppenhaltung hingegen nicht zu vermehrter
Bewegung an (131,6 Min. / Tag), sondern bewirkte z. T. sogar eine Abnahme
der Bewegungsaktivität. In der Gruppen-Auslaufhaltung ohne zusätzliches Bewegungsangebot
war die Bewegungsaktivität ebenfalls gering (125,8 Min / Tag) und
während der Einzel-Auslaufhaltung ohne Zusatzbewegung zeigten die Pferde die
geringste Bewegungsaktivität (102,3 Min. / Tag).
Bei der alleinigen Analyse der Bewegungszeit im Stallhaltungssystem war kein signifikanter
Einfluss der zusätzlichen Bewegung außerhalb des Stallsystems auf die
übrige Fortbewegung feststellbar.
Auch eine Vergrößerung des an den Stall angrenzenden Auslaufs im Gruppenhaltungssystem
hatte keinen steigernden Einfluss auf das Bewegungsverhalten der
Pferde.
Die Stressbelastung der Pferde war in den Varianten der Gruppenhaltung mit zweistündigem
Weidegang (SD2: 82,9 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten: 29,0 nmol / kg Kot) sowie
der einstündigen Bewegung in einer Freilauf-Führanlage (SD2: 99,2 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten:
27,7 nmol / kg Kot) am geringsten. Die Untersuchungen zeigten eine
Stresszunahme in der Gruppenhaltung mit zweistündigem Auslauf auf einer unbegrünten
Koppel ohne Futterangebot (SD2: 101,3 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten:
39,6 nmol / kg Kot) sowie in der Variante der Gruppenhaltung ohne zusätzliches Bewegungsangebot
(SD2: 113,3 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten: 38,4 nmol / kg Kot). Dem
Mittelwert der Gruppe nach zu folgern hatten die Pferde während der Einzelhaltung
ohne Zusatzbewegung eine sehr große Stressbelastung (SD2: 123,8 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten:
37,5 nmol / kg Kot). Ein Vergleich der Gruppen- und Einzelhaltung hinsichtlich
der Herzfrequenzvariabilität hat jedoch gezeigt, dass insg. 70 % der Pferde
während der Haltung in einer Gruppe weniger Stress empfinden. Es gab aber auch
Zusammenfassung 193
Pferde (30 %), die in der Einzelhaltung eine abnehmende Stressbelastung zeigten,
wobei hier der Einfluss der Rangordnung eine entscheidende Rolle zu spielen
scheint.
Durch die Auswertung mehrerer Messparameter (sowohl für Stress- als auch für Bewegungsverhalten)
werden gleichgerichtete Tendenzen bei den Versuchsvarianten
deutlich, allerdings ist eine eindeutige Gewichtung der Parameter nicht möglich.
Somit ist die methodische Vorgehensweise dieser Untersuchung sehr positiv und als
notwendig anzusehen, da die Messdaten auch immer gewissen Schwankungen
durch externe Einflüsse unterliegen.
Allgemein ist festzuhalten, dass Auslaufhaltungssysteme zwar eine gewisse
Anregung zur Bewegung bieten, aber mit maximal vier Stunden (insg. 62 – 248 Min.)
Bewegung pro Tag war der tägliche Anteil an Bewegung sehr viel geringer als
beispielsweise bei Pferden in freier Wildbahn oder ganzjähriger Weidehaltung. Somit
deckt ein Auslaufhaltungssystem trotz getrennter Funktionsbereiche und eines
großen Auslaufs nicht den Bewegungsbedarf der Pferde, wenn keine zusätzlichen
Bewegungsanreize und –möglichkeiten angeboten werden.
Eine zusätzliche Bewegung von Pferden ist nicht nur zur Gesunderhaltung des
Bewegungsapparates und der Körperfunktionen notwendig, sondern auch um das
Wohlbefinden und die Ausgeglichenheit der Pferde zu steigern.
[Horse husbandry systems with close-by discharge are considered to be a very livestock-
friendly housing form, as they offer a certain movement opportunity for the
animals. The aim of the present study was to examine how different movement and
space offerings affect the movement activities of horses in a group horse husbandry
with close-by discharge, and whether the discharge provides itself an adequate
incentive for movement. The impact that the form or rather intensity of movement has
on the wellbeing of the animals was also established.
Most of the horses held in Germany spend most of the day in the stable, although it is
meanwhile known that horses under natural housing conditions are 12 to 16 hours of
the day in motion. Therefore the improvement of stable housing systems applies a
special interest.
For this purpose, 24 warmblood mares, aged from 1½ to 3½ years, were studied in
single and group discharge husbandry systems from September 2004 until October
2005. Six horses formed an experimental group. In every group five variants of approximately
three weeks were proceeded. Thereby the group husbandry was supplemented
with three different additional movement opportunities (2 h pasture / day,
2 h non-grassy pasture land / day, 1 h free range horse walker / day). In the single
discharge husbandry (single box with 45 sq. m-large close-by discharge) and in one
experimental variant of the group husbandry got the horses, however, offered no additional
movement outside the husbandry system. The group husbandry system itself
was marked by the spatial division of the functional areas (lying, eating, drinking,
moving) and the close-by discharge measured 270 sq. m. In an additional phase of
the study, and expansion of the permanently accessible close-by discharge to
540 sq. m was found.
The movement activity was documented with pedometers attached respectively to
one hind leg of the horse and a supplementary analysis of video documentation. To
evaluate the stress exposure measurements of heart frequency variability (parameters
HF and SD2) and of the faecal cortisol metabolite concentration were performed.
Summary 195
The interpretation of the movement behaviour showed that additional two hours of
free movement on a pasture led to a significant increase in the average movement
activity (149.6 min / day), as well as one hour movement in a horsewalker did
(173.0 min / day). The non-grassy pasture land, however, didn’t inspire the horses of
the group husbandry to increased movement (131.6 min / day), but sometimes even
caused a decrease in movement activity. In the group discharge husbandry without
additional movement opportunities the movement activity was also low
(125.8 min / day), and during the single discharge husbandry without additional
movement the horses showed the least movement activity (102.3 min / day).
In analysing only the movement time in the stable system was no significant impact
of the additional movement outside the housing system to the rest of locomotion
ascertainable.
As well an expansion of the close-by stable discharge in the group husbandry system
had no increasing influence on the movement behaviour of the horses.
The stress exposure of the horses was least in the variations of group husbandry
with two hours on a pasture (SD2: 82.9 ms; cortisol metabolites: 29.0 nmol / kg faeces)
as well as one hour of movement in a free range horse walker (SD2: 99.2 ms;
cortisol metabolites: 27.7 nmol / kg faeces). The studies showed a rise in stress in
group husbandry with two hours of movement on a non-grassy pasture land without
feeding opportunity (SD2: 101.3 ms; cortisol metabolites: 39.6 nmol / kg faeces) as
well as in the variation of the group husbandry without additional movement offerings
(SD2: 113.3 ms; cortisol metabolites: 38.4 nmol / kg faeces). Judging from the mean
of the group the horses had a very high stress exposure in the variation of the single
husbandry without additional movement offerings (SD2: 123.8 ms; cortisol metabolites:
37.5 nmol / kg faeces). But a comparison of the group and single husbandry in
terms of the heart frequency variability showed that alltogether 70 % of the horses
experienced less stress if hold in a group. However, some horses (30 %) showed
reducing stress in the single husbandry, whereas here the influence of social hierarchy
seems to play a decisive role.
196 Summary
In consequence of the examination of several measuring parameters (both for stressand
for movement behaviour) parallel aligned tendencies become apparent in the
experimental variants, however, is a unique weighting of the parameters not possible.
Thus, the methodological approach of this study is to be regarde as very positive and
necessary, since the data always vary with some fluctuations by external influences.
In general it can be established that discharge husbandry systems offer some incentive
for the horse to move, but with a maximum of four hours (overall 62 – 248 min) of
movement per day, the daily proportion of movement was much less than, for example,
in the case of wild horses or year-round pasture keeping. Thus, if no additional
movement incentives and possibilities are offered, the discharge husbandry system
doesn’t cover the movement needs of the horse despite separate functional areas
and a large outside discharge.
Additional movement is not only necessary to keep the musculoskeletal system and
bodily functions of the horse healthy, but also to ensure the horse’s well being and
mental balance.] |
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5660 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Behrens, T.E.J.; Hunt, L.T.; Woolrich, M.W.; Rushworth, M.F.S. |
|
| |
Title |
Associative learning of social value |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
|
| |
Volume |
456 |
Issue |
7219 |
Pages |
245-249 |
|
| |
Keywords |
|
|
| |
Abstract |
Our decisions are guided by information learnt from our environment. This information may come via personal experiences of reward, but also from the behaviour of social partners1, 2. Social learning is widely held to be distinct from other forms of learning in its mechanism and neural implementation; it is often assumed to compete with simpler mechanisms, such as reward-based associative learning, to drive behaviour3. Recently, neural signals have been observed during social exchange reminiscent of signals seen in studies of associative learning4. Here we demonstrate that social information may be acquired using the same associative processes assumed to underlie reward-based learning. We find that key computational variables for learning in the social and reward domains are processed in a similar fashion, but in parallel neural processing streams. Two neighbouring divisions of the anterior cingulate cortex were central to learning about social and reward-based information, and for determining the extent to which each source of information guides behaviour. When making a decision, however, the information learnt using these parallel streams was combined within ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that human social valuation can be realized by means of the same associative processes previously established for learning other, simpler, features of the environment. |
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
0028-0836 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
| |
Notes |
10.1038/nature07538 |
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4681 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Arakawa, H.; Arakawa, K.; Blanchard, D.C.; Blanchard, R.J. |
|
| |
Title |
A new test paradigm for social recognition evidenced by urinary scent marking behavior in C57BL/6J mice |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Behavioural Brain Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain. Res. |
|
| |
Volume |
190 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
97-104 |
|
| |
Keywords |
Social recognition; Urine marking; Familiarity; Context recognition; C57BL/6J mice |
|
| |
Abstract |
Olfaction is a major sensory element in intraspecies recognition and communication in mice. The present study investigated scent marking behaviors of males of the highly inbred C57BL/6J (C57) strain in order to evaluate the ability of these behaviors to provide clear and consistent measures of social familiarity and response to social signals. C57 males engage in scent marking when placed in a chamber with a wire mesh partition separating them from a conspecific. Male mice (C57 or outbred CD-1 mice) showed rapid habituation of scent marking (decreased marking over trials) with repeated exposure at 24-h intervals, to a stimulus animal of the C57 or CD-1 strains, or to an empty chamber. Subsequent exposure to a genetically different novel mouse (CD-1 after CD-1 exposure, or CD-1 after C57 exposure) or to a novel context (different shaped chamber) produced recovery of marking, while responses to a novel but genetically identical mouse (C57 after C57 exposure) or to the empty chamber did not. This finding demonstrated that male mice differentiate familiar and novel conspecifics as expressed by habituation and recovery of scent marking, but neither C57 or CD-1 mice can differentiate new vs. familiar C57 males; likely due to similarities in their odor patterns. The data also indicate that scent marking can differentiate novel from familiar contexts. |
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4639 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Wöhr, A.C.; Erhard, M. |
|
| |
Title |
Polysonographic studies, about sleeping behaviour of horses |
Type |
Conference Article |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
IESM 2008 |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
|
|
| |
Keywords |
|
|
| |
Abstract |
Objective: In the context of the ongoing discussion about keeping horses in individual stable boxes vs. in herds the lack of relaxation of the horse as a flight animal is an argument often put forward against individual housing. The long-term objective of our investigations is to determine the sleep phases in various housing systems in order to find a substantiated answer to that issue. For that purpose, the sleep waves measured by EEG have to be defined beforehand and allocated to the individual stages of sleep. The experiments described here are intended to support this effort. The objective is to establish a method which by means of a portable polysomnograph allows to capture the sleeping behaviour of horses for the purpose of defining the individual stages of sleep. It was investigated which stages of sleep horses undergo, and to what extent they may be comparable to those of humans.
Animals/materials/methods: Given the high technical effort involved, somnographic examination of large animals has so far been difficult and mostly required the animals to be sedated. Meanwhile, however, instruments such as the Somnoscreen by Somnomedics have become available. This is a completely portable polysomnograph with up to 28 channels and wireless online signal transmission and synchronous video transmission to a PC.
Using this instrument, the sleep profile of 5 Icelandic ponies and 10 horses (different race) aged 5-10 years was recorded and evaluated for 4 or 5 nights per horse. The following parameters were assessed: EEG (electroencephalogram), EOG (electrooculogram), EMG (electromyogram), ECG (electrocardiogram), thoracic and abdominal breathing motions as well as identification of the body posture. Synchronous video recordings were made. EEG recordings were obtained through gold-coated disk electrodes with long flexible cables, applied and secured to the scalp.
Results: As with humans, various stages of sleep can also be defined for horses using the above methods of recording. The waking condition is characterised by alpha waves, which just like in humans are within a range of 8-12 Hz. Typical REM phases as in humans were also detected, although not only when stretched completely on their side, as has hitherto always been described, but also when lying on their chest. Phases of deep sleep (stage 4) can also be measured, with the animals mostly in a standing position. The multi-stage human sleeping pattern, which is made up of 4-6 repeat phases of sleep (waking stage eyes open – waking stage eyes closed – REM phase – stage 1 – stage 2 – stage 3 – stage 4 – return to REM phase etc.) was found to be similar in horses in individual sequences. However, the sleep phases are shorter and more frequently interrupted by waking phases.
Conclusions: Horses are flight animals, which is why they have to be “on eye” in every situation so as to be able to flee in the face of danger. In a natural herd lying positions are only assumed if one or more members watch over the herd. In some publications the REM phase is treated as equivalent to the deep sleep phase. Although the REM phase is a phase of total muscle relaxation it is at the same time the dream phase and due to the high frequencies and the low amplitudes in the EOG resembles Stage I. This means that the sleeping horse can be awakened very quickly from this REM phase so as to be able to react to any dangerous situation. It therefore makes sense for the horses to assume a lying position during REM phases as the muscles are relaxed, yet a waking condition can be reached very quickly. A standing position seems to be preferred during deep sleep phases, where waking takes rather long, so that at least the position will not have to be changed. Whether the sleeping behaviour changes depending on age and race has yet to be investigated. |
|
| |
Address |
Institute of Animal Welfare, Ethology and Animal Hygiene, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Schwere-Reiter-Str. 9, 80637 Munich/Germany, woehr@lmu.de |
|
| |
Corporate Author |
Wöhr, A.C. |
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
IESM 2008 |
|
| |
Notes |
Talk 15 min IESM 2008 |
Approved |
yes |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4498 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Patris, B.; Perrier, G.; Schaal, B.; Coureaud, G. |
|
| |
Title |
Early development of filial preferences in the rabbit: implications of nursing- and pheromone-induced odour learning? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
|
| |
Volume |
76 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
305-314 |
|
| |
Keywords |
learning; mammary pheromone; mother-young relationship; Oryctolagus cuniculus; rabbit; recognition |
|
| |
Abstract |
Newborn rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, discriminate between different categories of adult conspecifics on the basis of their abdominal odour cues. Whether these cues can support the development of filial preferences has not been adequately tested. Using a two-choice paradigm, we assessed the ability of 3-8-day-old pups to orient selectively to the mother versus an unfamiliar female, either spontaneously or after odour conditioning. In experiment 1, nonconditioned pups roamed indifferently over the mother and an unfamiliar female. In experiment 2, pups conditioned to a neutral odorant while nursing or with the mammary pheromone became attracted by the odorant. In experiment 3, pups that had learned the odorant while nursing oriented for longer to any female carrying it, but the unscented mother and a scented unfamiliar female were equally attractive. Finally, in experiment 4, pups that had learned the odorant paired with the mammary pheromone showed a preference for their scented mother, but not systematically for a scented unfamiliar female; furthermore, they were equally attracted by the unscented mother and a scented unfamiliar female. In sum, pups did not spontaneously evince an olfactory preference for the mother when opposed to an unfamiliar female, although they seemed able to detect individual maternal odours. In fact, they appeared to react to both species-specific cues and individual cues that they had learned, and their responses depended on their degree of familiarity with the cues and on the context. The mammary pheromone by itself might act as both a releasing and a reinforcing signal in these early socially oriented behaviours. |
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4646 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Schloegl, C.; Kotrschal, K.; Bugnyar, T. |
|
| |
Title |
Modifying the object-choice task: Is the way you look important for ravens? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
|
| |
Volume |
77 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
61-65 |
|
| |
Keywords |
Gaze; Modification; Object-choice task; Raven |
|
| |
Abstract |
Most animals seem to have difficulties in using gaze cues to find hidden food in object-choice tasks. For instance, chimpanzees usually fail in these tests, even though they are capable of following other's gaze geometrically behind barriers. Similar to chimpanzees, common ravens are skilled in tracking other's gaze but fail in object-choice tasks. We here explored whether procedural modifications, which had been used successfully in chimpanzees, would also yield positive results in ravens. In our modifications (a) the experimenter approached the cup while gazing at it, (b) the gaze cue was accompanied by a sound and (c) the experimenter could actually see the food while giving the gaze cue. Two out of seven birds performed above chance level in some of these conditions. However, we ascribe this improvement to the individuals' learning ability rather than to an understanding of the communicative nature of the task. This interpretation is further supported by results of a follow-up experiment suggesting that ravens may not rely on conspecifics' gaze cues for finding food caches in a natural foraging context. In sum, our results suggest that ravens may not transfer their gaze follow abilities to foraging situations involving hidden food. |
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4505 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Bates, L.A.; Sayialel, K.N.; Njiraini, N.W.; Poole, J.H.; Moss, C.J.; Byrne, R.W. |
|
| |
Title |
African elephants have expectations about the locations of out-of-sight family members |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Biology Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Lett |
|
| |
Volume |
4 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
34-36 |
|
| |
Keywords |
elephants, olfaction, urine, individual recognition |
|
| |
Abstract |
Monitoring the location of conspecifics may be important to social mammals. Here, we use an expectancy-violation paradigm to test the ability of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) to keep track of their social companions from olfactory cues. We presented elephants with samples of earth mixed with urine from female conspecifics that were either kin or unrelated to them, and either unexpected or highly predictable at that location. From behavioural measurements of the elephants' reactions, we show that African elephants can recognize up to 17 females and possibly up to 30 family members from cues present in the urine-earth mix, and that they keep track of the location of these individuals in relation to themselves. |
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
yes |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4332 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Fabbri-Destro, M.; Rizzolatti, G. |
|
| |
Title |
Mirror Neurons and Mirror Systems in Monkeys and Humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiology |
|
| |
Volume |
23 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
171-179 |
|
| |
Keywords |
|
|
| |
Abstract |
Mirror neurons are a distinct class of neurons that transform specific sensory information into a motor format. Mirror neurons have been originally discovered in the premotor and parietal cortex of the monkey. Subsequent neurophysiological (TMS, EEG, MEG) and brain imaging studies have shown that a mirror mechanism is also present in humans. According to its anatomical locations, mirror mechanism plays a role in action and intention understanding, imitation, speech, and emotion feeling. |
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
| |
Notes |
10.1152/physiol.00004.2008 |
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5014 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Sueur, C.; Petit, O. |
|
| |
Title |
Shared or unshared consensus decision in macaques? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
|
| |
Volume |
78 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
84-92 |
|
| |
Keywords |
Collective movement; Decision-making; Leadership; Social style |
|
| |
Abstract |
Members of a social group have to make collective decisions in order to synchronise their activities. In a shared consensus decision, all group members can take part in the decision whereas in an unshared consensus decision, one individual, usually a dominant member of the group, takes the decision for the rest of the group. It has been suggested that the type of decision-making of a species could be influenced by its social style. To investigate this further, we studied collective movements in two species with opposed social systems, the Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana) and the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). From our results, it appears that the decision to move is the result of the choices and actions of several individuals in both groups. However, this consensus decision involved nearly all group members in Tonkean macaques whereas dominant and old individuals took a prominent role in rhesus macaques. Thus, we suggest that Tonkean macaques display equally shared consensus decisions to move, whereas in the same context rhesus macaque exhibit partially shared consensus decisions. Such a difference in making a collective decision might be linked to the different social systems of the two studied species. |
|
| |
Address |
|
|
| |
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
0376-6357 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
| |
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5129 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
| |
|
| |
|
Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
|
| |
Title |
Maternal behavior in horses |
Type |
Conference Article |
| |
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
IESM 2008 |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
| |
Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
|
|
| |
Keywords |
|
|
| |
Abstract |
Mares quickly form a bond with their foals, probably within the first hour. They lick the foal usually beginning at the tail end, then the head and later the body of the foal. Licking behavior disappears within the first hours in most mares. Once the bond is formed the mare will let no other foal nurse and stays within a meter of the foal most of the time during the first week. The foal follows her when awake, but when he sleeps she stands over him. As the foal matures the distance the mare maintains from the foals get longer and she may graze as he sleeps. The bond of the mother to the foal gradually weakens as revealed by her response to separation from the foal. Weaning usually takes place shortly before the birth of the next foal. Some mares will attempt to steal foals and this can lead to injury of either the mares or the foal. Because of the strong and exclusive bond of most mares to their foal, foal rejection is especially abnormal. It occurs in some breeds more frequently than others, indicating a heritable component. Arabian mares reject 5% of their foals and other breeds reject less than 2%. There are three types of foal rejection- simple fear of the foal that can be quickly solved by holding the mare so the foal can suckle. The mare learns that nursing is pleasurable. This process usually takes only a few hours of holding the mare because foals suckle so frequently- about four times an hours. The second form of foal rejection is avoidance of tactile stimulation of the inguinal fold. When the foal attempts to suckle he usually strikes that skin fold and causes the mare to cow kick and move away. Desensitization to stimulation of the inguinal fold can solve this problem in a few hours. Treatment is more complex and longer for mares that are aggressive to the foal even when it does not touch them. This type of foal rejection can be treated with drugs that inhibit dopamine such as acepromazine-not the alpha adrenergic agent xylazine. Dopamine inhibits the pituitary hormone prolactin, a putative maternal hormone, which increases milk production. Blocking dopamine will increase prolactin. The mare should always have visual contact with the foal, but be restrained so she can not bite or kick the foal. A pole across the stall confining the mare against a wall is best. Maternal behavior can be induced in non-pregnant mares using injections of estrogen, progesterone, and the dopamine inhibitor sulpiride. Once lactation begins cervical stimulation can be used to elicit maternal behavior toward the next foal the mare sees. |
|
| |
Address |
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 |
|
| |
Corporate Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
Thesis |
|
|
| |
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
| |
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
| |
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
| |
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
| |
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
| |
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
IESM 2008 |
|
| |
Notes |
Invited speaker IESM 2008 |
Approved |
yes |
|
| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4456 |
|
| Permanent link to this record |
