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	Author	Berger, J.
	Title	Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	303	Issue	5912	Pages	59-61
	Keywords	Abortion, Induced/veterinary; Abortion, Veterinary/etiology; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Horses/physiology; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology
	Abstract	Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6682487			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4365
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	Author	Watts, D.J.; Strogatz, S.H.
	Title	Collective dynamics of /`small-world/' networks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	393	Issue	6684	Pages	440-442
	Keywords
	Abstract	Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators Josephson junction arrays excitable media, neural networks spatial games11, genetic control networks12 and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation). The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/30918			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4989
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	Author	Behrens, T.E.J.; Hunt, L.T.; Woolrich, M.W.; Rushworth, M.F.S.
	Title	Associative learning of social value			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	456	Issue	7219	Pages	245-249
	Keywords
	Abstract	Our decisions are guided by information learnt from our environment. This information may come via personal experiences of reward, but also from the behaviour of social partners1, 2. Social learning is widely held to be distinct from other forms of learning in its mechanism and neural implementation; it is often assumed to compete with simpler mechanisms, such as reward-based associative learning, to drive behaviour3. Recently, neural signals have been observed during social exchange reminiscent of signals seen in studies of associative learning4. Here we demonstrate that social information may be acquired using the same associative processes assumed to underlie reward-based learning. We find that key computational variables for learning in the social and reward domains are processed in a similar fashion, but in parallel neural processing streams. Two neighbouring divisions of the anterior cingulate cortex were central to learning about social and reward-based information, and for determining the extent to which each source of information guides behaviour. When making a decision, however, the information learnt using these parallel streams was combined within ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that human social valuation can be realized by means of the same associative processes previously established for learning other, simpler, features of the environment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/nature07538			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4681
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	Author	Novacek, M.J.
	Title	Mammalian phylogeny: shaking the tree			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	356	Issue	6365	Pages	121-125
	Keywords	Animals; Evolution; Fossils; Mammals/classification/genetics; Phylogeny
	Abstract	Recent palaeontological discoveries and the correspondence between molecular and morphological results provide fresh insight on the deep structure of mammalian phylogeny. This new wave of research, however, has yet to resolve some important issues.
	Address	American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1545862			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3546
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	Author	Matsuzawa, T.
	Title	Use of numbers by a chimpanzee			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	315	Issue	6014	Pages	57-59
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Female; Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*physiology
	Abstract	Recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. However, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). In the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), 'Ai', was trained to use Arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. Ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, colour and object of 300 types of samples. Although no particular sequence of describing samples was required, the chimpanzee favoured two sequences (colour/object/number and object/colour/number). The present study demonstrates that the chimpanzee was able to describe the three attributes of the sample items and spontaneously organized the 'word order'.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3990808			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2793
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	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	Grooming, alliances and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	308	Issue	5959	Pages	541-543
	Keywords	Altruism; Animals; Cercopithecus/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/physiology; Grooming; *Social Behavior; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Reciprocal altruism refers to the exchange of beneficial acts between individuals, in which the benefits to the recipient exceed the cost to the altruist. Theory predicts that cooperation among unrelated animals can occur whenever individuals encounter each other regularly and are capable of adjusting their cooperative behaviour according to experience. Although the potential for reciprocal altruism exists in many animal societies, most interactions occur between closely related individuals, and examples of reciprocity among non-kin are rare. The field experiments on vervet monkeys which we present here demonstrate that grooming between unrelated individuals increases the probability that they will subsequently attend to each others' solicitations for aid. Vervets appear to be more willing to aid unrelated individuals if those individuals have behaved affinitively toward them in the recent past. In contrast, recent grooming between close genetic relatives appears to have no effect on their willingness to respond to each other's solicitations for aid.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6709060			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	704
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	Author	Whiten, A.; Horner, V.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	437	Issue	7059	Pages	737-740
	Keywords	Aging/physiology; Animals; Culture; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Pan troglodytes/physiology/psychology; *Social Conformity; Technology; Time Factors
	Abstract	Rich circumstantial evidence suggests that the extensive behavioural diversity recorded in wild great apes reflects a complexity of cultural variation unmatched by species other than our own. However, the capacity for cultural transmission assumed by this interpretation has remained difficult to test rigorously in the field, where the scope for controlled experimentation is limited. Here we show that experimentally introduced technologies will spread within different ape communities. Unobserved by group mates, we first trained a high-ranking female from each of two groups of captive chimpanzees to adopt one of two different tool-use techniques for obtaining food from the same 'Pan-pipe' apparatus, then re-introduced each female to her respective group. All but two of 32 chimpanzees mastered the new technique under the influence of their local expert, whereas none did so in a third population lacking an expert. Most chimpanzees adopted the method seeded in their group, and these traditions continued to diverge over time. A subset of chimpanzees that discovered the alternative method nevertheless went on to match the predominant approach of their companions, showing a conformity bias that is regarded as a hallmark of human culture.
	Address	Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK. a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16113685			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	163
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	Author	Weissing, F.J.
	Title	Animal behaviour: Born leaders			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	474	Issue	7351	Pages	288-289
	Keywords	* Animal behaviour * Evolution * Psychology
	Abstract	Social animals face a dilemma. To reap the benefits of group living, they have to stay together. However, individuals differ in their preferences as to where to go and what to do next. If all individuals follow their own preferences, group coherence is undermined, resulting in an outcome that is unfavourable for everyone. Neglecting one's own preferences and following a leader is one way to resolve this coordination problem. But what attributes make an individual a 'leader'? A modelling study by Johnstone and Manica1 illuminates this question.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/474288a			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5396
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	Author	Arnold, K.; Zuberbuhler, K.
	Title	Language evolution: semantic combinations in primate calls			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	441	Issue	7091	Pages	303
	Keywords	Animal Migration; Animals; Eagles/physiology; Evolution; Female; Haplorhini/physiology; Male; Predatory Behavior; Semantics; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Syntax sets human language apart from other natural communication systems, although its evolutionary origins are obscure. Here we show that free-ranging putty-nosed monkeys combine two vocalizations into different call sequences that are linked to specific external events, such as the presence of a predator and the imminent movement of the group. Our findings indicate that non-human primates can combine calls into higher-order sequences that have a particular meaning.
	Address	School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16710411			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	354
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	Author	Franks, N.R.; Richardson, T.
	Title	Teaching in tandem-running ants			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	439	Issue	7073	Pages	153
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Ants/physiology; Feedback/physiology; Learning/physiology; Teaching
	Abstract	The ant Temnothorax albipennis uses a technique known as tandem running to lead another ant from the nest to food--with signals between the two ants controlling both the speed and course of the run. Here we analyse the results of this communication and show that tandem running is an example of teaching, to our knowledge the first in a non-human animal, that involves bidirectional feedback between teacher and pupil. This behaviour indicates that it could be the value of information, rather than the constraint of brain size, that has influenced the evolution of teaching.
	Address	School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 IUG, UK. nigel.franks@bristol.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16407943			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4651
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