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| Author | Kimura, R. | ||||
| Title | Volatile substances in feces, urine and urine-marked feces of feral horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Canadian Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | Can. J. Anim. Sci. |
| Volume | 81 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 411-420 |
| Keywords | Odors (volatile), excrement, scent-marking, masking, horse (feral), (releaser) pheromone | ||||
Abstract  |
The identity and amount of volatile substances in the feces, urine and feces scent-marked with urine (i.e., feces mixed with urine) of feral horses was determined by acid/steam distillation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The frequency of excretion and scent marking, as evaluated in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, showed clear evidence of seasonal behavioral differences. The concentration of each substance (fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, amines and alkanes) in the feces differed according to maturity, sex and stage in the reproductive process. They had a characteristic chemical fingerprint. Although the levels of tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids in the feces of estrous mares were significantly higher than the respective levels in the feces of non-estrous mares, in the case of scent-marked feces by stallions, the levels of them in the feces from estrous mares had decreased to levels similar to those in non-estrous mares. The concentration of these substances in mares were not significantly different. The presence of a high concentration of cresols in the urine of stallions in the breeding season suggests that one role of scent marking by stallions is masking the odor of the feces produced by mares. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0008-3984 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Equine Museum of Japan, 1-3 Negishidai, Nakaku, Yokohama 231, Japan (hidousch@alles.or.jp) | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2314 | ||
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| Author | Houpt, K.A.; Parsons, M.S.; Hintz, H.F. | ||||
| Title | Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1982 | Publication | Journal of animal science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1027-1032 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Horses/*physiology; *Learning; *Maternal Deprivation; Mothers/*psychology | ||||
| Abstract |
The maze learning ability of six pony foals that had been weaned at birth was compared to that of six foals reared normally. The foals' learning ability was also compared to their mothers' learning ability at the same task; the correct turn in a single choice point maze. The maze learning test was conducted when the foals were 6 to 8 mo old and after the mothered foals had been weaned. There was no significant difference between the ability of orphaned (weaned at birth) and mothered foals in their ability to learn to turn left (6 +/- .7 and 5.1 +/- .1 trials, respectively) or to learn the reversal, to turn right (6.7 +/- .6 and 6.2 +/- .6 trials, respectively). The orphan foals spent significantly more time in the maze in their first exposure to it than the mothered foals (184 +/- 42 vs 55 +/- 15 s. Mann Whitney U = 7, P less than .05). The mothers of the foals (n = 11) learned to turn left as rapidly as the foals (5.9 +/- .7 trials), but they were slower to learn to turn right (9.8 +/- 1.4 vs 6.4 +/- .4 trials, Mann Whitney U = 33, P less than .05), indicating that the younger horses learned more rapidly. There was no correlation between the trials to criteria of the mare and those of her foal, but there was a significant negative correlation between rank in trials to criteria and age (r = -65, P less than .05) when data from the mare and foal trials were combined. The dominance hierarchy of the mares was determined using a paired feeding test in which two horses competed for one bucket of feed. Although there was no correlation between rank in the hierarchy and maze learning ability, there was a correlation between body weight and rank in the hierarchy (r = .7, P less than .05). This may indicate either that heavier horses are likely to be dominant or that horses high in dominance gain more weight. Maternal deprivation did not appear to seriously retard learning of a simple maze by foals, although the orphans moved more slowly initially. The lack of maternal influence on learning is also reflected in the lack of correlation between the mare's learning ability and that of her foal. Young horses appear to learn more rapidly than older horses. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:7174546 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 58 | ||
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| Author | Bracke, M.B.M.; Spruijt, B.M.; Metz, J.H.M.; Schouten, W.G.P. | ||||
| Title | Decision support system for overall welfare assessment in pregnant sows A: Model structure and weighting procedure | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | 80 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 1819-1834 |
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| Abstract |
The problem of how to objectively assess the overall welfare status of animals under farming conditions has contributed to an ongoing debate that has hampered actual decision making on animal welfare. For this reason we constructed a model based on the assumed hierarchical organization of the animals' needs for overall welfare assessment in the case of pregnant sows. This model is implemented in a computer-based decision support system that takes a description of a housing and management system as input and produces a welfare score as output. A formalized procedure was used to construct the model for welfare assessment in pregnant sows on the basis of available scientific knowledge. This SOWEL (from SOw WELfare) model contains 37 attributes that describe the welfare-relevant properties of housing and management systems. In the decision support system these attributes are linked to scientific statements and a list of needs to provide a scientific basis for welfare assessment. Weighting factors that represent the relative importance of the attributes are derived from the scientific statements about the various welfare performance criteria that have been measured by scientists. The welfare score is calculated as the weighted average score. All information in the decision support system is stored in tables in a relational database such that newly available knowledge and insights can be incorporated to refine the model. The model has been developed in line with several existing models but it differs from these models in that it is the first to provide a formalized procedure to explicate the reasoning steps involved in welfare assessment based on available scientific knowledge. N1 - | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2943 | ||
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| Author | Griffin, B. | ||||
| Title | The use of fecal markers to facilitate sample collection in group-housed cats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science / American Association for Laboratory Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci |
| Volume | 41 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 51-56 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biological Markers/*analysis; Cats/*physiology/psychology; Diet/veterinary; Feces/*chemistry; Food Coloring Agents/analysis; Housing, Animal; Individuality; Plastics/analysis; Specimen Handling/methods/*veterinary | ||||
| Abstract |
The provision of proper social housing is a priority when designing an experiment using domestic cats as laboratory animals. When animals are group-housed, studies requiring analysis of stool samples from individual subjects pose difficulty in sample collection and identification. In this study, commercially available concentrated food colorings (known as bakers pastes) were used as fecal markers in group-housed cats. Cats readily consumed 0.5 ml of bakers paste food coloring once daily in canned cat food. Colorings served as fecal markers by imparting a distinct color to each cat s feces, allowing identification in the litter box. In addition, colored glitter (1/8 teaspoon in canned food) was fed to cats and found to be a reliable fecal marker. Long-term feeding of colorings and glitter was found to be safe and effective at yielding readily identifiable stools. | ||||
| Address | Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36841, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1060-0558 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11958604 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4165 | ||
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| Author | Kedzierski, W.; Wilk, I.; Janczarek, I. | ||||
| Title | Physiological response to the first saddling and first mounting of horses: comparison of two sympathetic training methods | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Animal Science Papers and Reports | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 32 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 219-228 |
| Keywords | cortisol / emotional reaction/ horses / natural training / stress | ||||
| Abstract |
There is not much research done on the influence of sympathetic training on the emotional reaction of horses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the emotional response and the stress level in horses to two sympathetic training methods: (1) with the use of the “round pen technique” (RP), and (2) in which the RP was not applied (SH). Twenty two half-bred Anglo-Arab horses (2.5 years ±3 months of age) were subject to an initial training. Eleven horses were randomly included to the RP method and the other 11 horses for the SH method. Heart rate (HR) and saliva cortisol concentration were measured as indicators of horse emotional arousal and stress level, respectively. The HR values were analysed: at rest, during the habituation period, just after the first saddling and tightening of the girth, during the first time a human leaned over the horse’s back, and during the mounting of the horse. Saliva samples were taken before and 15 min after each training session studied. After saddling, the HR occurred significantly higher when the RP technique was used. The significant increase in saliva cortisol concentration was observed only after the first mounting of the horse. Generally, the use of the RP technique did not involve more important physiological reactions in the trained horses than did the SH method. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5816 | ||
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| Author | Hall, C.A.; Cassaday, H.J.; Derrington, A.M. | ||||
| Title | The effect of stimulus height on visual discrimination in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | 81 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 1715-1720 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Horses/physiology/*psychology; Male; Orientation; *Photic Stimulation; Vision/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract |
This study investigated the effect of stimulus height on the ability of horses to learn a simple visual discrimination task. Eight horses were trained to perform a two-choice, black/white discrimination with stimuli presented at one of two heights: ground level or at a height of 70 cm from the ground. The height at which the stimuli were presented was alternated from one session to the next. All trials within a single session were presented at the same height. The criterion for learning was four consecutive sessions of 70% correct responses. Performance was found to be better when stimuli were presented at ground level with respect to the number of trials taken to reach the criterion (P < 0.05), percentage of correct first choices (P < 0.01), and repeated errors made (P < 0.01). Thus, training horses to carry out tasks of visual discrimination could be enhanced by placing the stimuli on the ground. In addition, the results of the present study suggest that the visual appearance of ground surfaces is an important factor in both horse management and training. | ||||
| Address | School of Land-based Studies, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst College Campus, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England NG25 0QF. carol.hall@ntu.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:12854807 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 835 | ||
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| Author | Mennecke, B.E.; Townsend, A.M.; Hayes, D.J.; Lonergan, S.M. | ||||
| Title | A study of the factors that influence consumer attitudes toward beef products using the conjoint market analysis tool | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | jas.2006-495- | ||
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| Abstract |
This study utilizes an analysis technique commonly used in marketing, the conjoint method, to examine the relative utilities of a set of beef steak characteristics considered by a national sample of 1,432 US consumers, as well as additional localized samples representing undergraduate students at a business college and in an animal science department. The analyses indicate that among all respondents, region of origin is by far the most important characteristic; this is followed by animal breed, traceability, animal feed, and beef quality. Alternatively, the cost of cut, farm ownership, the use (or non-use) of growth promoters, and whether the product is guaranteed tender were the least important factors. Results for animal science undergraduates are similar to the aggregate results except that these students emphasized beef quality at the expense of traceability and the non-use of growth promoters. Business students also emphasized region of origin but then emphasized traceability and cost. The ideal steak for the national sample is from a locally produced choice Angus, fed a mixture of grain and grass that is traceable to the farm or origin. If the product was not produced locally respondents indicated that their preferred production states are, in order from most to least preferred, Iowa, Texas, Nebraska and Kansas. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.2527/jas.2006-495 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2944 | ||
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| Author | Ordakowski-Burk, A.L.; Quinn, R.W.; Shellem, T.A.; Vough, L.R. | ||||
| Title | Voluntary intake and digestibility of reed canarygrass and timothy hay fed to horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | 84 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 3104-3109 |
| Keywords | Animal Feed/*analysis; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Diet/*veterinary; Digestion/*physiology; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Poaceae/*metabolism | ||||
| Abstract |
Thousands of hectares of timothy (Phleum pretense L.) grown in the Mid-Atlantic region are infected by cereal rust mite (Abacarus hysterix) that causes discoloration and curling of leaves, decreased nutritional quality, and substantial decreases in yield. A decline in production of timothy hay can lower income for hay producers and cause horse owners to search for alternative hays. Low alkaloid reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) hay has potential as an alternative to timothy hay because it grows well in the Mid-Atlantic region, is believed to have a similar nutrient quality to timothy, and is not as susceptible to cereal rust mite. Eleven mature, stalled Thoroughbred geldings (549 +/- 12.1 kg) that were exercised daily were used to compare voluntary DMI and apparent nutrient DM digestibility of timothy and low-alkaloid Chiefton variety reed canarygrass hay. Horses were paired by age and BW and randomly assigned to timothy or reed canarygrass hay during a 14-d period to measure voluntary DMI followed by a 4-d period to measure apparent DM digestibility. Both hays met the minimum requirements for DE, CP, Ca, P, K, Fe, and Mn, but they did not meet the minimum requirements for Cu, Zn, and Na for horses at maintenance and averaging 550 kg of BW. Timothy hay seemed to have a lower CP concentration (14.4%) compared with reed canarygrass hay (17.1%) and a more desirable Ca:P ratio at 1.6:1 compared with 0.8:1 for reed canarygrass hay. Horses fed timothy consumed more hay (P <0.001) during the voluntary DMI period compared with horses fed reed canarygrass. Greater voluntary DMI of timothy occurred on d 1, 3, and 5 (P <0.05), but DMI was similar for other days. Apparent DM digestibility was greater in horses fed timothy hay by 9.6% compared with horses fed reed canarygrass hay (P <0.05). Horses fed timothy had greater DM digestibility of ADF (P = 0.001), NDF (P = 0.001), sugar (P = 0.05), and Ca (P = 0.001) but lower apparent DM digestibility of CP (P = 0.012) and crude fat (P = 0.004). Timothy hay was superior in voluntary DMI and apparent DM digestibility compared with low-alkaloid reed canarygrass hay fed to horses. | ||||
| Address | Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA. amyburk@umd.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1525-3163 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17032805 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4236 | ||
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| Author | Curtis, S.E.; Stricklin, W.R. | ||||
| Title | The importance of animal cognition in agricultural animal production systems: an overview | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | 69 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 5001-5007 |
| Keywords | *Agriculture; Animal Population Groups/*psychology; *Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Heat; Helplessness, Learned; Housing, Animal/standards; Immobilization; Nesting Behavior; Pain/psychology/veterinary | ||||
| Abstract |
To describe and then fulfill agricultural animals' needs, we must learn more about their fundamental psychological and behavioral processes. How does this animal feel? Is that animal suffering? Will we ever be able to know these things? Scientists specializing in animal cognition say that there are numerous problems but that they can be overcome. Recognition by scientists of the notion of animal awareness has been increasing in recent years, because of the work of Griffin and others. Feeling, thinking, remembering, and imagining are cognitive processes that are factors in the economic and humane production of agricultural animals. It has been observed that the animal welfare debate depends on two controversial questions: Do animals have subjective feelings? If they do, can we find indicators that reveal them? Here, indirect behavioral analysis approaches must be taken. Moreover, the linear additivity of several stressor effects on a variety of animal traits suggests that some single phenomenon is acting as a “clearinghouse” for many or all of the stresses acting on an animal at any given time, and this phenomenon might be psychological stress. Specific situations animals may encounter in agricultural production settings are discussed with respect to the animals' subjective feelings. | ||||
| Address | University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:1808193 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2754 | ||
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| Author | Pere, M.C. | ||||
| Title | Maternal and fetal blood levels of glucose, lactate, fructose, and insulin in the conscious pig | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 2994-2999 |
| Keywords | Animals; Blood Glucose/*analysis; Catheterization/methods/veterinary; Consciousness/physiology; Female; Fetal Blood/*chemistry; Fructose/analysis/*blood; Insulin/analysis/*blood; Lactates/analysis/*blood; Pregnancy; Swine/*blood/physiology | ||||
| Abstract |
To study nutrition and metabolism in the fetal pig, a chronic catheterization method was developed that allows blood sampling in arteries and veins, at both the umbilical and uterine sources, in the conscious, unstressed animal. A catheter was inserted in the fetal aorta through a femoral artery, and another one was introduced in the umbilical vein. A catheter was put in a femoral artery of the sow so that its end was in the abdominal aorta. A fourth catheter was placed in a uterine vein draining the fetoplacental unit studied. This procedure was applied to 18 Large White primiparous sows at 99 d of gestation. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously using the four catheters before a meal at 103 d of pregnancy, and glucose, insulin, lactate, and fructose were determinated. Glycemia was 2.5 times higher in the sow than in the fetus. The extraction coefficient of glucose by the fetus amounted to 14% of the umbilical supply. The insulin level in the fetal pig was very low ( < 5 microU/mL). Lactate and fructose seemed to originate from the placenta. Blood lactate was 2.6 times lower in the sow than in the fetus, and its extraction coefficient by the fetus amounted to 8%. Fructose in the fetal blood was 2.3 times higher than that of glucose. Fructose was not utilized by the pig fetus. The present results obtained in the fetal pig are comparable to the conclusions drawn from studies with other species. | ||||
| Address | Station de Recherches Porcines, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Gilles, France | ||||
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| ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8617670 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2751 | ||
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