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Pattison, P.; Wasserman, S. |
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Title |
Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks: II. Multivariate relations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Math Stat Psychol |
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Volume |
52 ( Pt 2) |
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Pages |
169-193 |
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Keywords |
Humans; Markov Chains; *Models, Statistical; Organization and Administration; *Social Support |
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Abstract  |
The research described here builds on our previous work by generalizing the univariate models described there to models for multivariate relations. This family, labelled p*, generalizes the Markov random graphs of Frank and Strauss, which were further developed by them and others, building on Besag's ideas on estimation. These models were first used to model random variables embedded in lattices by Ising, and have been quite common in the study of spatial data. Here, they are applied to the statistical analysis of multigraphs, in general, and the analysis of multivariate social networks, in particular. In this paper, we show how to formulate models for multivariate social networks by considering a range of theoretical claims about social structure. We illustrate the models by developing structural models for several multivariate networks. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. pattision@psych.unimelb.edu.au |
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0007-1102 |
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PMID:10613111 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5030 |
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Author |
Virányi, Z.; Topál, J.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V. |
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Title |
A nonverbal test of knowledge attribution: a comparative study on dogs and children |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
13-26 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Child Psychology; Child, Preschool; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; Female; Humans; Male; Nonverbal Communication; *Problem Solving; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
The sensitivity of eleven pet dogs and eleven 2.5-year-old children to others' past perceptual access was tested for object-specificity in a playful, nonverbal task in which a human Helper's knowledge state regarding the whereabouts of a hidden toy and a stick (a tool necessary for getting the out-of-reach toy) was systematically manipulated. In the four experimental conditions the Helper either participated or was absent during hiding of the toy and the stick and therefore she knew the place(s) of (1) both the toy and the stick, (2) only the toy, (3) only the stick or (4) neither of them. The subjects observed the hiding processes, but they could not reach the objects, so they had to involve the Helper to retrieve the toy. The dogs were more inclined to signal the place of the toy in each condition and indicated the location of the stick only sporadically. However the children signalled both the location of the toy and that of the stick in those situations when the Helper had similar knowledge regarding the whereabouts of them (i.e. knew or ignored both of them), and in those conditions in which the Helper was ignorant of the whereabouts of only one object the children indicated the place of this object more often than that of the known one. At the same time however, both dogs and children signalled the place of the toy more frequently if the Helper had been absent during toy-hiding compared to those conditions when she had participated in the hiding. Although this behaviour appears to correspond with the Helper's knowledge state, even the subtle distinction made by the children can be interpreted without a casual understanding of knowledge-formation in others. |
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Department of Ethology, ELTE University Budapest, Pazmany P. setany 1/C H-1117, Hungary. zsofi.viranyi@freemail.hu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15895261 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2486 |
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Author |
Gutierrez Rincon, J.A.; Vives Turco, J.; Muro Martinez, I.; Casas Vaque, I. |
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Title |
A comparative study of the metabolic effort expended by horse riders during a jumping competition |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
British Journal of Sports Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Sports Med |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
33-35 |
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Keywords |
Adult; Animals; Energy Metabolism/*physiology; *Exertion; Heart Rate/physiology; Horses; Humans; Lactates/blood; *Sports |
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Abstract |
The three main Olympic horse riding disciplines are dressage, jumping, and three-day eventing (including dressage, cross country and jumping). In the jumping discipline (obstacle race), the 'team' (horse rider) is judged under the different conditions that might take place in a varied run. The horse is expected to show power and ability; the rider must show riding skill and good physical condition. However, the different conditions encountered by the rider during competition (duration of event, continuous isometric working level, especially in the inferior trunk, lead us to consider the need for a rider to develop different metabolic pathways to meet the high energy requirements of the competition. |
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Centre de Medicina de l'Esport de Barcelona, Spain |
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0306-3674 |
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PMID:1600451 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3754 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Primates--A natural heritage of conflict resolution |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
289 |
Issue |
5479 |
Pages |
586-590 |
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Keywords |
Aggression/*psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Conflict (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; *Primates; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance |
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Abstract |
The traditional notion of aggression as an antisocial instinct is being replaced by a framework that considers it a tool of competition and negotiation. When survival depends on mutual assistance, the expression of aggression is constrained by the need to maintain beneficial relationships. Moreover, evolution has produced ways of countering its disruptive consequences. For example, chimpanzees kiss and embrace after fights, and other nonhuman primates engage in similar “reconciliations.” Theoretical developments in this field carry implications for human aggression research. From families to high schools, aggressive conflict is subject to the same constraints known of cooperative animal societies. It is only when social relationships are valued that one can expect the full complement of natural checks and balances. |
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Address |
Living Links, Center for the Advanced Study of Human and Ape Evolution, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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0036-8075 |
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Notes |
PMID:10915614 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
187 |
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Author |
Corr, J.A. |
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Title |
Nuns and monkeys: investigating the behavior of our oldest old |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Science of Aging Knowledge Environment : SAGE KE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Aging Knowledge Environ |
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Volume |
2004 |
Issue |
41 |
Pages |
pe38 |
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Keywords |
Aged; Aged, 80 and over/*physiology; Aging/*physiology; Animals; Behavior/*physiology; Humans; Macaca mulatta |
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Abstract |
The use of nonhuman primates, particularly rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), as the best model for human physiological and cognitive aging is broadly accepted. Studies employing nonhuman primates to investigate behavioral changes that may occur with increasing age, however, are not common mostly because of the unavailability of appropriate subjects. Recent longitudinal human studies suggest that individual personality might play a large role in aging “successfully” and in the retention of high levels of cognition into old age. As a result of the demographic trend of increasing numbers of aged monkeys and apes in captivity, an opportunity exists to further investigate behavioral aging using the monkey model. |
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Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA. corrj@gvsu.edu |
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1539-6150 |
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PMID:15483334 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2828 |
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Author |
Macphail, E.M. |
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Title |
Cognitive function in mammals: the evolutionary perspective |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Brain research. Cognitive brain research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Res Cogn Brain Res |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
279-290 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Evolution; Humans; Learning/*physiology; Task Performance and Analysis |
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Abstract |
The work of behavioural pharmacologists has concentrated on small animals, such as rodents and pigeons. The validity of extrapolation of their findings to humans depends upon the existence of parallels in both physiology and psychology between these animals and humans. This paper considers the question whether there are in fact substantial cognitive parallels between, first, different non-human groups of vertebrates and, second, non-humans and humans. Behavioural data from 'simple' tasks, such as habituation and conditioning, do not point to species differences among vertebrates. Using examples that concentrate on the performance of rodents and birds, it is argued that, similarly, data from more complex tasks (learning-set formation, transitive inference, and spatial memory serve as examples) reveal few if any cognitive differences amongst non-human vertebrates. This conclusion supports the notion that association formation may be the critical problem-solving process available to non-human animals; associative mechanisms are assumed to have evolved to detect causal links between events, and would therefore be relevant in all ecological niches. In agreement with this view, recent advances in comparative neurology show striking parallels in functional organisation of mammalian and avian telencephalon. Finally, it is argued that although the peculiarly human capacity for language marks a large cognitive contrast between humans and non-humans, there is good evidence-in particular, from work on implicit learning--that the learning mechanisms available to non--humans are present and do play an important role in human cognition. |
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Department of Psychology, University of York at Heslington, UK |
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0926-6410 |
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PMID:8806029 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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603 |
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Author |
Bouchard, T.J.J.; Loehlin, J.C. |
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Title |
Genes, evolution, and personality |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Genet |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
243-273 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Evolution; Genetics, Behavioral; Humans; Individuality; Personality/*genetics; Twin Studies |
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Abstract |
There is abundant evidence, some of it reviewed in this paper, that personality traits are substantially influenced by the genes. Much remains to be understood about how and why this is the case. We argue that placing the behavior genetics of personality in the context of epidemiology, evolutionary psychology, and neighboring psychological domains such as interests and attitudes should help lead to new insights. We suggest that important methodological advances, such as measuring traits from multiple viewpoints, using large samples, and analyzing data by modern multivariate techniques, have already led to major changes in our view of such perennial puzzles as the role of “unshared environment” in personality. In the long run, but not yet, approaches via molecular genetics and brain physiology may also make decisive contributions to understanding the heritability of personality traits. We conclude that the behavior genetics of personality is alive and flourishing but that there remains ample scope for new growth and that much social science research is seriously compromised if it does not incorporate genetic variation in its explanatory models. |
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Department of Psychology. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. bouch001@tc.umn.edu |
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0001-8244 |
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Notes |
PMID:11699599 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4142 |
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Author |
Call, J.; Carpenter, M.; Tomasello, M. |
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Title |
Copying results and copying actions in the process of social learning: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
151-163 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; *Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance; Random Allocation; *Social Environment; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
There is currently much debate about the nature of social learning in chimpanzees. The main question is whether they can copy others' actions, as opposed to reproducing the environmental effects of these actions using their own preexisting behavioral strategies. In the current study, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens) were shown different demonstrations of how to open a tube-in both cases by a conspecific. In different experimental conditions, demonstrations consisted of (1) action only (the actions necessary to open the tube without actually opening it); (2) end state only (the open tube, without showing any actions); (3) both of these components (in a full demonstration); or (4) neither of these components (in a baseline condition). In the first three conditions subjects saw one of two different ways that the tube could open (break in middle; caps off ends). Subjects' behavior in each condition was assessed for how often they opened the tube, how often they opened it in the same location as the demonstrator, and how often they copied the demonstrator's actions or style of opening the tube. Whereas chimpanzees reproduced mainly the environmental results of the demonstrations (emulation), human children often reproduced the demonstrator's actions (imitation). Because the procedure used was similar in many ways to the procedure that Meltzoff (Dev Psych 31:1, 1995) used to study the understanding of others' unfulfilled intentions, the implications of these findings with regard to chimpanzees' understanding of others' intentions are also discussed. |
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Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. call@eva.mpg.de |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15490290 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2504 |
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Author |
Preston, S.D.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Brain Sci |
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Volume |
25 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-20; discussion 20-71 |
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Keywords |
Adult; Animals; Child; Emotions/physiology; *Empathy; Evolution; Haplorhini; Helping Behavior; Humans; Mental Disorders/physiopathology/psychology; Morals; Personality Development; Phylogeny; Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology; Socialization |
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Abstract |
There is disagreement in the literature about the exact nature of the phenomenon of empathy. There are emotional, cognitive, and conditioning views, applying in varying degrees across species. An adequate description of the ultimate and proximate mechanism can integrate these views. Proximately, the perception of an object's state activates the subject's corresponding representations, which in turn activate somatic and autonomic responses. This mechanism supports basic behaviors (e.g., alarm, social facilitation, vicariousness of emotions, mother-infant responsiveness, and the modeling of competitors and predators) that are crucial for the reproductive success of animals living in groups. The Perception-Action Model (PAM), together with an understanding of how representations change with experience, can explain the major empirical effects in the literature (similarity, familiarity, past experience, explicit teaching, and salience). It can also predict a variety of empathy disorders. The interaction between the PAM and prefrontal functioning can also explain different levels of empathy across species and age groups. This view can advance our evolutionary understanding of empathy beyond inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism and can explain different levels of empathy across individuals, species, stages of development, and situations. |
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University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, 2RCP-Neurology Clinic, Iowa City, IA 52242. stephanie-d-preston@uiowa.edu |
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0140-525X |
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PMID:12625087 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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181 |
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Author |
Parker, S.T. |
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A general model for the adaptive function of self-knowledge in animals and humans |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
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6 |
Issue |
1 |
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75-86 |
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*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Awareness; Concept Formation; Evolution; Humans; Phylogeny; *Self Concept; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
This article offers a general definition of self-knowledge that embraces all forms and levels of self-knowledge in animals and humans. It is hypothesized that various levels of self-knowledge constitute an ordinal scale such that each species in a lineage displays the forms of self-knowledge found in related species as well as new forms it and its sister species may have evolved. Likewise, it is hypothesized that these various forms of levels of self-knowledge develop in the sequence in which they evolved. Finally, a general hypothesis for the functional significance of self-knowledge is proposed along with subhypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of various levels of self-knowledge in mammals including human and nonhuman primates. The general hypothesis is that self-knowledge serves as a standard for assessing the qualities of conspecifics compared to those of the self. Such assessment is crucial to deciding among alternative reproductive and subsistence strategies. The qualities that are assessed, which vary across taxa, range from the size and strength of the self to its mathematical or musical abilities. This so-called assessment model of self-knowledge is based on evolutionary biological models for social selection and the role of assessment in animal communication. |
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Anthropology Department, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA. Parker@Sonoma.edu |
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1053-8100 |
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PMID:9170562 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4160 |
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