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Author | Fetterman, J.G. | ||||
Title | Dimensions of stimulus complexity | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume | 22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-18 |
Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Learning; Memory; Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | Animal learning research has increasingly used complex stimuli that approximate natural objects, events, and locations, a trend that has accompanied a resurgence of interest in the role of cognitive factors in learning. Accounts of complex stimulus control have focused mainly on cognitive mechanisms and largely ignored the contribution of stimulus information to perception and memory for complex events. It is argued here that research on animal learning stands to benefit from a more detailed consideration of the stimulus and that James Gibson's stimulus-centered theory of perception serves as a useful framework for analyses of complex stimuli. Several issues in the field of animal learning and cognition are considered from the Gibsonian perspective on stimuli, including the fundamental problem of defining the effective stimulus. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46202, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:8568494 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2782 | ||
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Author | Rands, S.A.; Cowlishaw, G.; Pettifor, R.A.; Rowcliffe, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A. | ||||
Title | Spontaneous emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 423 | Issue | 6938 | Pages | 432-434 |
Keywords | Animals; *Energy Metabolism; Food; *Food Chain; *Models, Biological; Motor Activity; *Social Behavior; Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | Animals that forage socially often stand to gain from coordination of their behaviour. Yet it is not known how group members reach a consensus on the timing of foraging bouts. Here we demonstrate a simple process by which this may occur. We develop a state-dependent, dynamic game model of foraging by a pair of animals, in which each individual chooses between resting or foraging during a series of consecutive periods, so as to maximize its own individual chances of survival. We find that, if there is an advantage to foraging together, the equilibrium behaviour of both individuals becomes highly synchronized. As a result of this synchronization, differences in the energetic reserves of the two players spontaneously develop, leading them to adopt different behavioural roles. The individual with lower reserves emerges as the 'pace-maker' who determines when the pair should forage, providing a straightforward resolution to the problem of group coordination. Moreover, the strategy that gives rise to this behaviour can be implemented by a simple 'rule of thumb' that requires no detailed knowledge of the state of other individuals. | ||||
Address | Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. s.rands@zoo.cam.ac.uk | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:12761547 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5138 | ||
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Author | Papakostas, Y.G.; Daras, M.D.; Liappas, I.A.; Markianos, M. | ||||
Title | Horse madness (hippomania) and hippophobia | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | History of Psychiatry | Abbreviated Journal | Hist Psychiatry |
Volume | 16 | Issue | Pt 4 (no 64) | Pages | 467-471 |
Keywords | Ancient Lands; Animals; Cattle; History, Ancient; Horse Diseases/*history; Horses; Humans; *Mythology | ||||
Abstract | Anthropophagic horses have been described in classical mythology. From a current perspective, two such instances are worth mentioning and describing: Glaucus of Potniae, King of Efyra, and Diomedes, King of Thrace, who were both devoured by their horses. In both cases, the horses' extreme aggression and their subsequent anthropophagic behaviour were attributed to their madness (hippomania) induced by the custom of feeding them with flesh. The current problem of 'mad cow' disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is apparently related to a similar feed pattern. Aggressive behaviour in horses can be triggered by both biological and psychological factors. In the cases cited here, it is rather unlikely that the former were the cause. On the other hand, the multiple abuses imposed on the horses, coupled with people's fantasies and largely unconscious fears (hippophobia), may possibly explain these mythological descriptions of 'horse-monsters'. | ||||
Address | Athens University Medical School | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0957-154X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:16482685 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1876 | |||
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Author | Proudman, C.; Pinchbeck, G.; Clegg, P.; French, N. | ||||
Title | Equine welfare: risk of horses falling in the Grand National | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 428 | Issue | 6981 | Pages | 385-386 |
Keywords | Accidental Falls/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data; Animal Welfare; Animals; Great Britain; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses/*physiology; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; *Sports | ||||
Abstract | As in other competitive sports, the famous Grand National steeplechase, which is held at Aintree in the United Kingdom and is watched by 600 million people worldwide, sometimes results in injury. By analysing data from the past 15 Grand National races (consisting of 560 starts by horses), we are able to identify several factors that are significantly associated with failure to complete the race: no previous experience of the course and its unique obstacles, unfavourable ground conditions (too soft or too hard), a large number of runners, and the length of the odds ('starting price'). We also find that there is an increased risk of falling at the first fence and at the jump known as Becher's Brook, which has a ditch on the landing side. Our findings indicate ways in which the Grand National could be made safer for horses and illustrate how epidemiological analysis might contribute to preventing injury in competitive sport. | ||||
Address | Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK. c.j.proudman@liverpool.ac.uk | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15042079 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 535 | ||
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Author | Bahloul, K.; Pereladova, O.B.; Soldatova, N.; Fisenko, G.; Sidorenko, E.; Sempere, A.J. | ||||
Title | Social organization and dispersion of introduced kulans (Equus hemionus kulan) and Przewalski horses (Equus przewalski) in the Bukhara Reserve, Uzbekistan | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Journal of Arid Environments | Abbreviated Journal | J. Arid. Environ. |
Volume | 47 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 309-323 |
Keywords | Przewalski horses; kulans; Central Asia; home range; behaviour | ||||
Abstract | Asiatic wild asses and Przewalski horses initially inhabited steppe, semi-desert and desert areas, but Przewalski horses became extinct in the wild, and kulans disappeared at the beginning of the 20th century, except for a small population in Turkmenistan. The Bukhara Breeding Centre (Uzbekistan) was created in 1976 for reintroduction and conservation of wild ungulate species. In 1977-1978, five kulans (two males and three females), from Barsa-Kelmes island on the Aral sea, were introduced into the reserve. The group increased to 25-30 animals in 1989-1990, when eight Przewalski horses from Moscow and St Petersburg zoos were introduced. We analysed the home ranges, preferred habitats and social interactions of these closely related species during 1995-1998 by seasonal and group composition. Horses and asses formed a reproductive group and a secondary non-reproductive group. The home range of the secondary group was larger than the reproductive group and seemed to be less dependent from the watering places. Przewalski horses were less adapted to semi-desert conditions (both water and vegetation needs) than kulan. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 777 | ||
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Author | Carpenter, M.; Nagell, K.; Tomasello, M.; Butterworth, G.; Moore, C. | ||||
Title | Social Cognition, Joint Attention, and Communicative Competence from 9 to 15 Months of Age | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development | Abbreviated Journal | Monogr Soc Res Child Dev |
Volume | 63 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1-174 |
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Abstract | At around 1 year of age, human infants display a number of new behaviors that seem to indicate a newly emerging understanding of other persons as intentional beings whose attention to outside objects may be shared, followed into, and directed in various ways. These behaviors have mostly been studied separately. In the current study, we investigated the most important of these behaviors together as they emerged in a single group of 24 infants between 9 and 15 months of age. At each of seven monthly visits, we measured joint attentional engagement, gaze and point following, imitation of two different kinds of actions on objects, imperative and declarative gestures, and comprehension and production of language. We also measured several nonsocial-cognitive skills as a point of comparison. We report two studies. The focus of the first study was the initial emergence of infants' social-cognitive skills and how these skills are related to one another developmentally. We found a reliable pattern of emergence: Infants progressed from sharing to following to directing others' attention and behavior. The nonsocial skills did not emerge predictably in this developmental sequence. Furthermore, correlational analyses showed that the ages of emergence of all pairs of the social-cognitive skills or their components were interrelated. The focus of the second study was the social interaction of infants and their mothers, especially with regard to their skills of joint attentional engagement (including mothers' use of language to follow into or direct infants' attention) and how these skills related to infants' early communicative competence. Our measures of communicative competence included not only language production, as in previous studies, but also language comprehension and gesture production. It was found that two measures-the amount of time infants spent in joint engagement with their mothers and the degree to which mothers used language that followed into their infant's focus of attention-predicted infants' earliest skills of gestural and linguistic communication. Results of the two studies are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of social-cognitive development, for theories of language development, and for theories of the process by means of which human children become fully participating members of the cultural activities and processes into which they are born. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3997 | ||
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Author | Ecker, C.; Marquand, A.; Mourao-Miranda, J.; Johnston, P.; Daly, E.M.; Brammer, M.J.; Maltezos, S.; Murphy, C.M.; Robertson, D.; Williams, S.C.; Murphy, D.G.M. | ||||
Title | Describing the Brain in Autism in Five Dimensions--Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Assisted Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Multiparameter Classification Approach | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | J. Neurosci. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Neurosci. |
Volume | 30 | Issue | 32 | Pages | 10612-10623 |
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Abstract | Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with multiple causes, comorbid conditions, and a wide range in the type and severity of symptoms expressed by different individuals. This makes the neuroanatomy of autism inherently difficult to describe. Here, we demonstrate how a multiparameter classification approach can be used to characterize the complex and subtle structural pattern of gray matter anatomy implicated in adults with ASD, and to reveal spatially distributed patterns of discriminating regions for a variety of parameters describing brain anatomy. A set of five morphological parameters including volumetric and geometric features at each spatial location on the cortical surface was used to discriminate between people with ASD and controls using a support vector machine (SVM) analytic approach, and to find a spatially distributed pattern of regions with maximal classification weights. On the basis of these patterns, SVM was able to identify individuals with ASD at a sensitivity and specificity of up to 90% and 80%, respectively. However, the ability of individual cortical features to discriminate between groups was highly variable, and the discriminating patterns of regions varied across parameters. The classification was specific to ASD rather than neurodevelopmental conditions in general (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Our results confirm the hypothesis that the neuroanatomy of autism is truly multidimensional, and affects multiple and most likely independent cortical features. The spatial patterns detected using SVM may help further exploration of the specific genetic and neuropathological underpinnings of ASD, and provide new insights into the most likely multifactorial etiology of the condition. | ||||
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Notes | 10.1523/Jneurosci.5413-09.2010 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5191 | ||
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Author | Sharp, T.; Saunders, G. | ||||
Title | mustering of feral horses | Type | Manuscript | ||
Year | Publication | Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Abstract | Background Feral horses (Equus caballus) can cause significant environmental damage and losses to rural industries. Although considered pests, feral horses are also a resource, providing products such as pet meat for the domestic market and meat for human consumption for the export market. Control methods include trapping, mustering exclusion fencing, ground shooting and shooting from helicopters. Feral horses are mustered by helicopter, motorbike or on horseback, sometimes with the assistance of coacher horses. Once mustered into yards, net traps or fenced paddocks, the horses are usually sold to abattoirs for slaughter which can offset the costs of capture and handling. Less commonly, they are sold as riding horses or relocated to reserves or horse sanctuaries. Where there is no market for them or where removal may be too costly or impractical e.g. in conservation areas or remote areas without access to transportation, horses are sometimes destroyed by shooting in the yards. This standard operating procedure (SOP) is a guide only; it does not replace or override the legislation that applies in the relevant State or Territory jurisdiction. The SOP should only be used subject to the applicable legal requirements (including OH&S) operating in the relevant jurisdiction. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 517 | ||
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Author | Weber-Mzell, D.; Kotanko, P.; Hauer, A.C.; Goriup, U.; Haas, J.; Lanner, N.; Erwa, W.; Ahmaida, I.A.; Haitchi-Petnehazy, S.; Stenzel, M.; Lanzer, G.; Deutsch, J. | ||||
Title | Gender, age and seasonal effects on IgA deficiency: a study of 7293 Caucasians | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | European Journal of Clinical Investigation | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 34 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 224-228 |
Keywords | Age- and gender-related variability; immunoglobulin A; seasonal variability; serum IgA deficiency | ||||
Abstract | Background The frequency of serum IgA deficiency (SIgAD) differs between populations. We examined the prevalence of SIgAD in healthy Caucasians. Materials and methods Serum immunoglobulin A (SIgA) was measured in 7293 volunteers (2264 women, 5029 men) aged 30 ± 14·2 years (mean ± SD; range: 12–66). Serum immunoglobulin A and subnormal SIgA levels were defined by a SIgA level < 0·07 g L-1, and between 0·07 and 0·7 g L-1, respectively. Means were compared by analysis of variance (anova) and analysis of covariance (ancova); frequencies by the χ2 test. Results Fifteen subjects (0·21%; one woman, 14 men) had SIgAD. Subnormal SIgA levels were found in 155 persons (2·13%): 21 females (0·93% of the females) and 134 males (2·66% of the males; difference: 1·74%; 95% CI: 1·12–2·33%; P < 0·001). Males were more likely to have subnormal SIgA levels or SIgAD (odds ratio 3·09, 95% CI: 1·97–4·85). The prevalence of SIgAD and subnormal SIgA was lowest in winter (χ2 = 14·8; P = 0·002; 3 d.f.; and χ2 = 43·2; P < 0·001; 3 d.f., respectively). Serum immunoglobulin A concentrations were significantly higher during winter. Serum immunoglobulin A levels increased with age on average by 0·2 ± 0·06 g L-1 per decade of life (P < 0·001). Taking into account the influence of age, SIgA concentration was lower in females as compared with males. Conclusion The prevalence of SIgAD and subnormal SIgA levels is increased in males. There exists a significant influence of gender, age and seasons on SIgA levels. | ||||
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Publisher | Blackwell Science Ltd | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 1365-2362 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6127 | ||
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Author | Dwan, K.; Altman, D.G.; Arnaiz, J.A.; Bloom, J.; Chan, A.-W.; Cronin, E.; Decullier, E.; Easterbrook, P.J.; Von Elm, E.; Gamble, C.; Ghersi, D.; Ioannidis, J.P.A.; Simes, J.; Williamson, P.R. | ||||
Title | Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence of Study Publication Bias and Outcome Reporting Bias | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Plos One | Abbreviated Journal | Plos One |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 8 | Pages | e3081 |
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Abstract | Background The increased use of meta-analysis in systematic reviews of healthcare interventions has highlighted several types of bias that can arise during the completion of a randomised controlled trial. Study publication bias has been recognised as a potential threat to the validity of meta-analysis and can make the readily available evidence unreliable for decision making. Until recently, outcome reporting bias has received less attention. Methodology/Principal Findings We review and summarise the evidence from a series of cohort studies that have assessed study publication bias and outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials. Sixteen studies were eligible of which only two followed the cohort all the way through from protocol approval to information regarding publication of outcomes. Eleven of the studies investigated study publication bias and five investigated outcome reporting bias. Three studies have found that statistically significant outcomes had a higher odds of being fully reported compared to non-significant outcomes (range of odds ratios: 2.2 to 4.7). In comparing trial publications to protocols, we found that 40-62% of studies had at least one primary outcome that was changed, introduced, or omitted. We decided not to undertake meta-analysis due to the differences between studies. Conclusions Recent work provides direct empirical evidence for the existence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias. There is strong evidence of an association between significant results and publication; studies that report positive or significant results are more likely to be published and outcomes that are statistically significant have higher odds of being fully reported. Publications have been found to be inconsistent with their protocols. Researchers need to be aware of the problems of both types of bias and efforts should be concentrated on improving the reporting of trials. | ||||
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Publisher | Public Library of Science | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6644 | ||
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