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Author Jensen, G.D.; Gordon, B.N.; Wolfheim, J. openurl 
  Title Nursing behavior in infant monkeys: a sequence analysis Type Journal Article
  Year 1975 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 55 Issue 1-2 Pages 115-127  
  Keywords Animals; Dependency (Psychology); *Feeding Behavior; Female; *Macaca; Male; Sensory Deprivation; Social Behavior; Spatial Behavior  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0005-7959 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:1191212 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4153  
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Author Salzen, E.A.; Cornell, J.M. openurl 
  Title Self-perception and species recognition in birds Type Journal Article
  Year 1968 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 44-65  
  Keywords Animals; Birds; Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Generalization, Response; Imprinting (Psychology); *Perception; *Self Concept; Social Isolation; *Species Specificity; Water  
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  ISSN 0005-7959 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:5644775 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4154  
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Author Boy, V.; Duncan, P. openurl 
  Title Time-budgets of Camargue horses. I. Developmental changes in the time-budgets of foals. Type Journal Article
  Year 1979 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 71 Issue Pages 187-201  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1803  
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Author Burger, J.; Gochfeld. url  openurl
  Title Vigilance in African mammals: differences among mothers, other females, and males. Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 131 Issue 3-4 Pages 153-169  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2252  
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Author Duncan, P. url  openurl
  Title Time-budgets of Camargue horses III. Environmental influences Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 92 Issue Pages 188-208  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2283  
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Author Monard, A.M.; Duncan,P.; Boy, V. url  openurl
  Title The proximate mechanisms of natal dispersal in female horses. Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 133 Issue Pages 1095-1124  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2387  
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Author Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. openurl 
  Title Reconciliation and redirected aggression in vervet monkeys, Behaviour Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 110 Issue Pages 258-275  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4865  
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Author Digweed, Shannon M.; Fedigan, Linda M.; Rendall, Drew doi  openurl
  Title Variable specificity in the anti-predator vocalizations and behaviour of the white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 142 Issue 8 Pages 997-1021  
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  Abstract (up) (Accepted: 23 June 2005)

Summary

Much research in animal communication is aimed at understanding the functional design

features of animal vocal signals. Our detailed analyses of the vocalizations and behavioural

responses elicited in white-faced capuchins by predators and other disturbances point to two

call variants that differ modestly in their acoustic structure and that are accompanied by

functionally distinct behavioural responses. The first variant is given exclusively to avian

predators and is almost invariably accompanied by the monkeys immediate descent from

the treetops where it is most vulnerable; therefore, we label this call variant the aerial

predator alarm?. The second variant, that differs only slightly but noticeably from the first,

is given to a wide range of snakes and mammals, including a range of species that represent

no predatory threat to the monkeys. This second call is also associated with more variable

responses from calling monkeys, from delayed retreat from the source of disturbance, to

active approach, inspection, and sometimes mobbing of the animal involved. We therefore

label this variant more generally as an “alerting call”. Although some other primate species

show a more diverse system of anti-predator calls, and the capuchins themselves may yet

be found to produce a greater variety of calls, a system of two call variants with varying

degrees of predator specificity and behavioural response is not uncommon among primates

and appears functionally appropriate for capuchins. The basic structure of the alerting call

allows conspecific listeners to localize the caller and the source of disturbance readily, thereby

allowing listeners to approach and assist in mobbing in cases where the disturbance warrants

it, or to avoid the area in cases where the disturbance is identified as a predatory threat.

Conversely, the aerial predator alarm is inherently less localizable and therefore conveys the
 
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 547  
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Author Sigurjónsdóttir , H.; van Dierendonck, M.C.; Snorrason, S.; Thórhallsdóttir, A.G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Social relationships in a group of horses without a mature stallion Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 140 Issue 6 Pages 783-804  
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  Abstract (up) 1. The social relationships in a group of Icelandic horses without a mature stallion were studied. The horses were all familiar to each other. Mutual grooming and play relationships, spatial associations, dominance-subordinate relations and the effect of kinship on these relationships were analysed.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 2. The social structure was clearly dominated by the behaviour of the adult mares. The horses preferred to form bonds within their social class (sex/age) and they kept close proximity with their friends. The group was effectively divided into two social subgroups, adult mares as one group and adult geldings and sub-adults as another group. The sub-adults and adult geldings formed associations, which were based on mutual grooming and play, while the adult mares did not play. Differences between the sexes were evident. Males played more than the females, had more playing partners and were more popular as playmates.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 3. Aggression rates were low. The dominance hierarchy was linear. Adult mares ranked higher than adult geldings, sub-adults and the foals. Rank was significantly correlated with age. The closer the adult mares were in rank, the more they groomed with each other. Such relationships were not found amongst the other social group.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 4. Kinship was calculated between all pairs of animals for up to 4 or 5 generations. Allogrooming and play frequencies and proximity were all positively correlated with kinship. Adult mares, which were close in the dominance hierarchy, were on average more related than those further apart.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 5. The social relationships in the Icelandic herd were, to some extent, different from relationships reported from unmanaged and feral horse-herds with mature stallions and bachelors. Our results suggest that adult mares groom more in groups without a stallion. Furthermore, they have more preferred partners than in natural harems and their partners are other adult mares, not their weaned offspring as seems to be the case in feral herds. The sub-adults also seem to be more socially active in the absence of stallions. Interestingly, in the Icelandic group, the adult mares showed stallion like behaviours, like mounting and protecting foals. Only by studying the behaviour and the nature of the relationships of horses in groups of different compositions, can we expect to gain a comprehensive understanding about individual social strategies and cognitive capabilities of the species. Such knowledge is valuable for management and welfare of the horse.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2363  
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Author Robbins, M.M.; Robbins, A.M.; Gerald-Steklis, N.; Steklis, H.D. doi  openurl
  Title Long-term dominance relationships in female mountain gorillas: strength, stability and determinants of rank Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 142 Issue 6 Pages 779-809  
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  Abstract (up) A common practice in studies of social animals is to rank individuals according to dominance status, which has been shown to influence access to limited resources and stability of social relationships, and may in turn correlate with reproductive success. According to the socioecological model for primates, most female dominance relationships are either nepotistic or virtually undetectable (egalitarian), with nepotistic species being philopatric, and dispersing females being egalitarian. Female mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) disperse, and they have been characterized as being egalitarian, but previous studies have not examined their dominance relationships from a long-term perspective. We evaluated 15 matrices of displacement/supplantation interactions that spanned 30 years of observations in the Virunga Volcanoes region, and included 51 female mountain gorillas in six groups. Only 4% of displacements were directed against higher ranking females, and when matrices had less than 5% unknown dyads, linearity indices were consistently greater than 0.95. Therefore, previous results suggesting undetectable dominance relationships may have reflected an insufficient quantity of data for this species, rather than actual nonlinearity in its hierarchies. Dominance depended on age and group tenure rather than nepotism, yet some females maintained a high ranking for most of adulthood (15-25 years). Most rank shifts occurred through changes in group composition, rather than switches in established relationships. These results fit within growing evidence for linear individualistic hierarchies in some primates, often coupled with dispersal, as commonly found in ungulates. In light of these results, we propose that the dominance relationships of female mountain gorilla are best characterized as “Dispersal-Individualistic” instead of the previously suggested “Dispersal-Egalitarian”.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2164  
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