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	Author	Puppe, B.
	Title	[Social dominance and rank relationships in domestic pigs: a critical review]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift	Abbreviated Journal	Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr
	Volume	109	Issue	11-12	Pages	457-464
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Female; Male; Models, Psychological; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Swine/*psychology
	Abstract	Viewing dominance as an attribute of repeated agonistic interactions between two individuals, the present paper reviews theoretical approaches towards concepts of dominance, methods of measurement, and basic principles and problems connected with social dominance in domestic pigs. Domestic pigs are able to establish social organization structures during all stages of their ontogeny. According to definition, dominance relationships occur when a consistent asymmetry of the result of dyadic agonistic interactions can be assessed. This must not necessarily be connected immediately with a better availability of resources, or a high stability of existing dominance relationships, or a functional definition of dominance. When sociometric characteristics are calculated, it seems to be appropriate to use them for different levels of a biological system (individual, individual pair, group). Investigations of social behaviour and dominance in farm animals should take into account that mechanisms of social behaviour in confined environments are often carried out in parts only. Connections of the dominance concept with other concepts of behavioural regulation should be theoretically considered and further investigated by experimental studies.
	Address	Forschungsbereich Physiologische Grundlagen der Tierhaltung des Forschungsinstituts fur die Biologie landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere Dummerstorf-Rostock
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title	Soziale Dominanz- und Rangbeziehungen beim Hausschwein: eine kritische Ubersicht
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-9366	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8999780			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2861
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	Author	Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W.M.
	Title	A likely ranking interpolation for resolving dominance orders in systems with unknown relationships			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	143	Issue	7	Pages	909-930
	Keywords	DOMINANCE HIERARCHY; ALGORITH; SOCIAL AGONISTIC INTERACTIONS
	Abstract	n many animal systems agonistic interactions may be rare or not overt, particularly where such interactions are costly or of high risk as is common for large mammals. We present a technique developed specifically for resolving an optimized dominance order of individuals in systems with transitive (i.e. linear) dominance relationships, but where not all relationships are known. Our method augments the widely used I&SI method (de Vries, 1998) with an interpolation function for resolving the relative ranks of individuals with unknown relationships. Our method offers several advantages over other dominance methods by enabling the incorporation of any proportion of unknown relationships, resolving a unique solution to any dominance matrix, and calculating cardinal dominance strengths for each individual. As such, this method enables novel insight into difficult to study behavioural systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	438
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	Author	Hemelrijk,C. K.; Wantia,J.; Gygax,L.
	Title	The construction of dominance order: comparing performance of five methods using an individual-based model			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	142	Issue	8	Pages	1043-1064
	Keywords	dominance order, ranking method, agent-based model, statistical method, aggression
	Abstract	In studies of animal behaviour investigators correlate dominance with all kinds of behavioural variables, such as reproductive success and foraging success. Many methods are used to produce a dominance hierarchy from a matrix reflecting the frequency of winning dominance interactions. These different methods produce different hierarchies. However, it is difficult to decide which ranking method is best. In this paper, we offer a new procedure for this decision: we use an individual-based model, called DomWorld, as a test-environment. We choose this model, because it provides access to both the internal dominance values of artificial agents (which reflects their fighting power) and the matrix of winning and losing among them and, in addition, because its behavioural rules are biologically inspired and its group-level patterns resemble those of real primates. We compare statistically the dominance hierarchy based on the internal dominance values of the artificial agents with the dominance hierarchy produced by ranking individuals by (a) their total frequency of winning, (b) their average dominance index, (c) a refined dominance index, the David`s score, (d) the number of subordinates each individual has and (e) a ranking method based on maximizing the linear order of the hierarchy. Because dominance hierarchies may differ depending on group size, type of society, and the interval of study, we compare these ranking methods for these conditions.We study complete samples as well as samples randomly chosen to resemble the limitations of observing real animals. It appears that two methods of medium complexity (the average dominance index and David`s score) lead to hierarchical orders that come closest to the hierarchy based on internal dominance values of the agents. We advocate usage of the average dominance index, because of its computational simplicity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	445
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	Author	Dow, M.; Ewing, A.W.; Sutherland, I.
	Title	Studies on the behaviour of cyprinodont fish. III. The temporal patterning of aggression in Aphyosemion striatum (Boulenger)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	59	Issue	3-4	Pages	252-268
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Dominance-Subordination; Fishes; Humans; Individuality; Killifishes; Male; Time Factors
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-7959	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1035107			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4151
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	Author	Barette, C.; Vandal, D.
	Title	Social rank, dominance, antler size, and access to food in snow-bound wild woodland caribou			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	97	Issue	1-2	Pages	118-146
	Keywords	Canada; Quebec; Artiodactyla; Social dominance; Feeding behavior; Morphology; Antler; Rangifer tarandus; North America; America; Ungulata; Mammalia; Vertebrata
	Abstract	We spent two winters studying the social behaviour of wild woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) at a time when their main food (ground lichens; Cladina sp.) is available only at snow craters dug by the animals. The competition for access to such craters was severe, the animals constantly trying to take over the craters of others. During a two-month period when a group maintained a constant size (20) and composition (all age-sex classes represented), we could rank the animals in a rather linear dominance hierarchy (Landau's index = 0.87). Rank was correlated with access to resources, percent of time spent active, and percent of time feeding in craters. It was also correlated with age and antler size. However, rank is not an attribute of individuals, but of a relationship between individuals. As such it is only an intervening variable between physical attributes and access to resources, a variable whose value has meaning only within a given group. Among the three attributes studied (age, sex, antler size), the latter was by far the best predictor of the occurrence and outcome of interactions. Between two individuals within any of the three age-sex classes studied (adult and yearling males and adult females), the one with larger antlers initiated significantly more often, escalated its aggression (to the point of hitting the target) less often, and enjoyed a higher success rate in obtaining resources. When their antlers were larger than those of an adult male target (i.e. males that had shed their antlers), adult females won almost all their interactions with adult males even though they escalated only one fourth of them. This clarifies the long-standing speculation that female caribou have antlers and shed them later than males, in order to overcome their sexual handicap in competition for food in the winter. We conclude that the link between rank and dominance of an individual on one hand, and some of its attributes on the other (e.g. sex, age, weight, antler size) is fundamentally realized by the animal itself through its active preference for targets it is likely to beat, i.e. targets with smaller antlers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4269
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	Author	Heitor, F.; do Mar Oom, M.; Vicente, L.
	Title	Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses Part I. Correlates of social dominance and contexts of aggression			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	73	Issue	2	Pages	170-177
	Keywords	Age Factors; Aggression; Animals; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Horses/psychology; Male; Sex Factors; Social Dominance; *Social Environment; Statistics, Nonparametric
	Abstract	Factors related to dominance rank and the functions of aggression were studied in a herd of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, under extensive management. Subjects were 10 adult mares 5-18 years old and a stallion introduced into the group for breeding. Dominance relationships among mares were clear, irrespective of rank difference, and remained stable after introduction of the stallion. The dominance hierarchy was significantly linear and rank was positively correlated with age and total aggressiveness. Higher-ranking mares received lower frequency and intensity of agonistic interactions. Nevertheless, higher-ranking dominants were not more likely to elicit submission from their subordinates than lower-ranking dominants. Neither close-ranking mares nor mares with less clear dominance relationships were more aggressive towards each other. Agonistic interactions seemed to be used more importantly in regulation of space than to obtain access to food or to reassert dominance relationships. Contexts of aggression were related to mare rank. The results suggest that dominance relationships based on age as a conventional criterion were established to reduce aggressiveness in a herd where the costs of aggression are likely to outweigh the benefits.
	Address	Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16815645			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	292
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	Author	Hogue, M.-E.; Beaugrand, J.P.; Lague, P.C.
	Title	Coherent use of information by hens observing their former dominant defeating or being defeated by a stranger			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	38	Issue	3	Pages	241-252
	Keywords	Domestic fowl; Dominance; Hierarchy formation; Observation; Transitive inference
	Abstract	This study examines the role of observation during the formation of triads in female domestic hens. Results indicate that during hierarchy formation, a hen observing agonistic interactions and conflict settlement between its former dominant and a stranger uses this information when in turn confronted by the latter. Under a first condition (E, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed their prior dominant being defeated by a stranger before being introduced to them. In a second condition (C1, N = 16 triads), bystanders witnessed the victory of their prior dominant over a stranger. In a third condition (C2, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed two strangers establishing a dominance relationship before being introduced to their prior dominant and to a stranger the former had just defeated. The behavioural strategies of bystanders depended on the issue of the conflict they had witnessed. Bystanders of the E condition behaved as having no chance of defeating the stranger. They never initiated an attack against it, and upon being attacked, readily submitted in turn to the stranger. On the contrary, bystanders of the C1 condition behaved as having some chances against the stranger. They initiated attacks in 50% of cases, and won 50% of conflicts against the stranger. Under condition C2, bystanders first initiated contact with the strangers in only 27% of cases, which approximates the average of their chances for defeating the stranger. However, bystanders finally defeated the strangers in 40% of cases. These results suggest that bystanders of conditions E and C1 gained some information on the relationship existing between their prior dominant and the stranger and that they used it coherently, perhaps through transitive inference, thus contributing to the existence of transitive relationships within the triads. Alternate explanations are examined.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	396
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	Author	Anderson, J.R.; Fornasieri, I.; Ludes, E.; Roeder, J.-J.
	Title	Social processes and innovative behaviour in changing groups of lemur fulvus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	101-112
	Keywords	Social learning; Lemur fulvus; Dominance; Individual differences
	Abstract	A group of brown lemurs was presented with one or two baited food-boxes requiring a specific type of motor response in order to be opened. Subsequently, four groups containing different combinations of experienced individuals from the original group and naive individuals were tested. Solutions to the problem and access to the food were recorded and considered in relation to social factors. In the original group, two adult males learned to open the boxes, with one male increasingly preventing the other from approaching. In the second group, with the subordinate male and certain females removed, the dominant male tolerated successful performances by a juvenile female. Group 3 consisted of three passive female participants from the original group and a naive female; one of the three original females now became the sole box-opener. The introduction of the subordinate male from the original group into the all-female group led to a sharing of box-opening by this subject and the skilled female. In the final group, intense aggression toward the skilled female by a new, naive adult male resulted in two previously passive females succeeding on some occasions. In lemurs, at least some `scroungers' appear able to learn to perform a new act when the social context permits.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	576
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	Author	Cloutier, S.; Newberry, R.C.; Honda, K.
	Title	Comparison of social ranks based on worm-running and aggressive behaviour in young domestic fowl			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	65	Issue	1	Pages	79-86
	Keywords	Aggression; Social behaviour; Dominance; Play; Chickens; Animal welfare
	Abstract	Worm-running is behaviour in which a chick runs carrying a worm-like object while flock mates follow and attempt to grab the object from its beak. We hypothesised that social ranks based on worm-running frequency are stable over time and are positively correlated with social ranks based on success in aggressive interactions when older. At 8-12 days of age, we scored worm-running in 17 groups of 12 female White Leghorn chicks during three 10-min tests. Based on instantaneous scans at 5-s intervals, the bird carrying the `worm' most often was placed in rank one and so on down the rank order. These tests were repeated at 68-70 days of age. An aggression index for each bird was calculated as the number of aggressive acts given, divided by the number given and received, during three 1-h observation periods when the birds were 68-70 days. Ranks obtained in worm-running tests were positively correlated over the two age periods (P<0.05) but were not correlated with ranks based on the aggression index (P>0.05). Our results indicate that worm-running ranks are not predictive of success in aggressive interactions. Instead, worm-running fits some criteria for play.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2090
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	Author	Nelissen, M.H.J.
	Title	The effect of tied rank numbers on the linearity of dominance hierarchies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	159-168
	Keywords	dominance hierarchy, linearity, Landau's index, despotism
	Abstract	The occurence of tied rank numbers in dominance hierarchies is discussed, especially its effect on the linearity of the hierarchy. This linearity is measured with Landau's index, that is calculated for several hierarchies with tied ranks on one, two of three levels. Linearity is mostly affected by ties in small groups with many ties. A distinction is made between a hierarchy of individuals and hierarchical levels. The phenomenon of despotism is called an extreme case of tied ranks. It is proposed to regard hierarchies with a linearity in a continuous scale.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4285
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