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Author Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Vail, R.; Devous, S.; Schwend, S.; Baker, C.B.; Wiesner, L.
Title Diurnal variation of plasma testosterone in wild stallions Type Journal Article
Year 1976 Publication Biology of reproduction Abbreviated Journal (up) Biol Reprod
Volume 15 Issue 1 Pages 98-101
Keywords Animals; *Circadian Rhythm; Horses/*blood; Male; Montana; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Species Specificity; Testosterone/*blood
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0006-3363 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:986195 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 149
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Author Linklater, W.L.
Title Adaptive explanation in socio-ecology: lessons from the Equidae Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society Abbreviated Journal (up) Biol. Rev.
Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 1-20
Keywords *Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Ecology; Equidae/*physiology; Female; Male; Phylogeny
Abstract Socio-ecological explanations for intra- and interspecific variation in the social and spatial organization of animals predominate in the scientific literature. The socio-ecological model, developed first for the Bovidae and Cervidae, is commonly applied more widely to other groups including the Equidae. Intraspecific comparisons are particularly valuable because they allow the role of environment and demography on social and spatial organization to be understood while controlling for phylogeny or morphology which confound interspecific comparisons. Feral horse (Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758) populations with different demography inhabit a range of environments throughout the world. I use 56 reports to obtain 23 measures or characteristics of the behaviour and the social and spatial organization of 19 feral horse populations in which the environment, demography, management, research effort and sample size are also described. Comparison shows that different populations had remarkably similar social and spatial organization and that group sizes and composition, and home range sizes varied as much within as between populations. I assess the few exceptions to uniformity and conclude that they are due to the attributes of the studies themselves, particularly to poor definition of terms and inadequate empiricism, rather than to the environment or demography per se. Interspecific comparisons show that equid species adhere to their different social and spatial organizations despite similarities in their environments and even when species are sympatric. Furthermore, equid male territoriality has been ill-defined in previous studies, observations presented as evidence of territoriality are also found in non-territorial equids, and populations of supposedly territorial species demonstrate female defence polygyny. Thus, territoriality may not be a useful categorization in the Equidae. Moreover, although equid socio-ecologists have relied on the socio-ecological model derived from the extremely diverse Bovidae and Cervidae for explanations of variation in equine society, the homomorphic, but large and polygynous, and monogeneric Equidae do not support previous socio-ecological explanations for relationships between body size, mating system and sexual dimorphism in ungulates. Consequently, in spite of the efforts of numerous authors during the past two decades, functional explanations of apparent differences in feral horse and equid social and spatial organization and behaviour based on assumptions of their current utility in the environmental or demographic context remain unconvincing. Nevertheless, differences in social cohesion between species that are insensitive to intra- and interspecific variation in habitat and predation pressure warrant explanation. Thus, I propose alternative avenues of inquiry including testing for species-specific differences in inter-individual aggression and investigating the role of phylogenetic constraints in equine society. The Equidae are evidence of the relative importance of phylogeny and biological structure, and unimportance of the present-day environment, in animal behaviour and social and spatial organization.
Address Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1464-7931 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:10740891 Approved no
Call Number Serial 2024
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Author Dunbar, R.I.M.
Title Male and female brain evolution is subject to contrasting selection pressures in primates Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication BMC Biology Abbreviated Journal (up) BMC Biol
Volume 5 Issue Pages 21
Keywords Animals; *Brain/physiology; *Evolution; Female; Humans; Male; *Selection (Genetics); *Sex Characteristics
Abstract The claim that differences in brain size across primate species has mainly been driven by the demands of sociality (the “social brain” hypothesis) is now widely accepted. Some of the evidence to support this comes from the fact that species that live in large social groups have larger brains, and in particular larger neocortices. Lindenfors and colleagues (BMC Biology 5:20) add significantly to our appreciation of this process by showing that there are striking differences between the two sexes in the social mechanisms and brain units involved. Female sociality (which is more affiliative) is related most closely to neocortex volume, but male sociality (which is more competitive and combative) is more closely related to subcortical units (notably those associated with emotional responses). Thus different brain units have responded to different selection pressures.
Address British Academy Centenary Research Project, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1741-7007 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:17493267 Approved no
Call Number Serial 2100
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Author Cancedda, M.
Title [Social and behavioral organization of horses on the Giara (Sardinia): distribution and aggregation] Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Bollettino della Societa italiana di biologia sperimentale Abbreviated Journal (up) Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper
Volume 66 Issue 11 Pages 1089-1096
Keywords Animals; *Animals, Wild/physiology/psychology; Environment; Female; *Horses/physiology/psychology; Italy; Male; Population Density; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Water
Abstract In this paper some considerations on the environment of the 42 Kmq of the volcanic-basaltic Giara tableland are discussed. Conditioning by the environment and its effect on the distribution of a population of 712 horses is illustrated in view of their social and behavioural organization.
Address Istituto di Fisiologia Generale e Speciale, Universita di Sassari
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Italian Summary Language Original Title Introduzione all'organizzazione sociale e comportamentale dei cavallini sulla Giara (Sardegna): distribuzione ed aggregazione
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0037-8771 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:2095819 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 673
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Author Verheyen, K.; Price, J.; Lanyon, L.; Wood, J.
Title Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Bone Abbreviated Journal (up) Bone
Volume 39 Issue 6 Pages 1322-1330
Keywords Animals; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; England; Exertion; Female; Fractures, Bone/etiology/*veterinary; Horse Diseases/*etiology; Horses/*injuries; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/adverse effects/methods; Poisson Distribution; Prospective Studies; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Running/injuries/physiology
Abstract In order to gain insight into those training regimens that can minimise the risk of fracture in athletic populations, we conducted a large epidemiological study in racehorses. Thoroughbred racehorses provide a suitable model for studying fracture development and exercise-related risk factors in physically active populations. They represent a homogeneous population, undertaking intensive exercise programmes that are sufficiently heterogeneous to determine those factors that influence injury risk. Daily exercise information was recorded for a cohort of 1178 thoroughbreds that were monitored for up to 2 years. A total of 148 exercise-induced fractures occurred in the study population. Results from a nested case-control study showed a strong interactive effect of exercise distances at different speeds on fracture risk. Horses that exceeded 44 km at canter (< or =14 m/s) and 6 km at gallop (>14 m/s) in a 30-day period were at particularly increased risk of fracture. These distances equate to ca. 7700 bone loading cycles at canter and 880 loading cycles at gallop. Fifty-six fractures occurred in the subset of study horses that were followed since entering training as yearlings, when skeletally immature (n = 335). Cohort analysis of this data set showed that, in previously untrained bones, accumulation of canter exercise increased the risk of fracture (P < or = 0.01), whereas accumulation of high-speed gallop exercise had a protective effect (P < 0.01). However, increasing distances at canter and gallop in short time periods (up to one month) were associated with an increasing fracture risk. All training exercise involves a balance between the risk of fracture inherent in exposure to loading and the beneficial effect that loading has by stimulating bone cells to produce a more robust architecture. Results from our study provide important epidemiological evidence of the effects of physical exercise on bone adaptation and injury risk and can be used to inform the design of safer exercise regimens in physically active populations.
Address Epidemiology Unit, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom. kverheyen@rvc.ac.uk
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 8756-3282 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:16926125 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4030
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Author Lees, P.; Tavernor, W.D.
Title Influence of halothane and catecholamines on heart rate and rhythm in the horse Type Journal Article
Year 1970 Publication British journal of pharmacology Abbreviated Journal (up) Br J Pharmacol
Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 149-159
Keywords Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Arrhythmia/*chemically induced; Atropine/pharmacology; Catecholamines/*pharmacology; Consciousness; Epinephrine/administration & dosage; Ethers; Female; Halothane/*pharmacology; Heart Rate/*drug effects; Horses; Hypercapnia/physiopathology; Isoproterenol/pharmacology; Male; Norepinephrine/pharmacology; Propranolol/pharmacology
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0007-1188 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:5420092 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 103
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Author Alexander, F.
Title The effect of diuretics on the faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in horses Type Journal Article
Year 1977 Publication British journal of pharmacology Abbreviated Journal (up) Br J Pharmacol
Volume 60 Issue 4 Pages 589-593
Keywords Animals; Body Water/*metabolism; Chlorides/metabolism; Electrolytes/*metabolism; Feces/*analysis; Furosemide/*pharmacology; Horses; Hydrochlorothiazide/*pharmacology; Male; Potassium/metabolism; Sodium/metabolism; Time Factors
Abstract 1. The effect on plasma, urinary and faecal electrolytes of frusemide and hydrochlorthiazide was measured in ponies, mean weight 180 kg. 2. The rapid loss in urine of large quantities of sodium had only a small effect on plasma sodium concentration. 3. Faecal sodium excretion was increased substantially after the administration of frusemide. 4. Frusemide increased faecal potassium during the 48 h following administration and faecal water in the 24/48 h period. It also produced a hypopotassaemia. 5. Hydrochlorthiazide increased faecal chloride during the 24 h after administration. 6. Frusemide increased the intestinal transit time of both liquid (polyethylene glycol) and particulate (Cr2O3) markers.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0007-1188 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:907872 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 111
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Author Thomas, K.E.; Annest, J.L.; Gilchrist, J.; Bixby-Hammett, D.M.
Title Non-fatal horse related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2001-2003 Type
Year 2006 Publication British Journal of Sports Medicine Abbreviated Journal (up) Br J Sports Med
Volume 40 Issue 7 Pages 619-626
Keywords Accident Prevention/methods; Accidental Falls/prevention & control; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology/prevention & control; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergency Service, Hospital/*statistics & numerical data; Female; Head Protective Devices/utilization; Health Promotion; *Horses; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Education; Sex Distribution; United States/epidemiology
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To characterise and provide nationally representative estimates of persons with non-fatal horse related injuries treated in American emergency departments. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) is a stratified probability sample comprising 66 hospitals. Data on injuries treated in these emergency departments are collected and reported. NEISS-AIP data on all types (horseback riding and otherwise) of non-fatal horse related injuries from 2001 to 2003 were analysed. RESULTS: An estimated 102,904 persons with non-fatal horse related injuries (35.7 per 100,000 population) were treated in American emergency departments each year from 2001 to 2003 inclusive. Non-fatal injury rates were higher for females (41.5 per 100,000) than for males (29.8 per 100,000). Most patients were injured while mounted on a horse (66.1%), commonly from falling or being thrown by the horse; while not mounted, injuries most often resulted from being kicked by the horse. The body parts most often injured were the head/neck region (23.2%), lower extremity (22.2%), and upper extremity (21.5%). The most common principal diagnoses were contusions/abrasions (31.4%) and fractures (25.2%). For each year that was studied, an estimated 11 502 people sustained traumatic brain injuries from horse related incidents. Overall, more than 11% of those injured were admitted to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Horse related injuries are a public health concern not just for riders but for anyone in close contact with horses. Prevention programmes should target horseback riders and horse caregivers to promote helmet use and educate participants about horse behaviour, proper handling of horses, and safe riding practices.
Address Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. KEThomas@cdc.gov
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1473-0480 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:16611723 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1866
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Author McCrory, P.; Turner, M.; LeMasson, B.; Bodere, C.; Allemandou, A.
Title An analysis of injuries resulting from professional horse racing in France during 1991-2001: a comparison with injuries resulting from professional horse racing in Great Britain during 1992-2001 Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication British Journal of Sports Medicine Abbreviated Journal (up) Br J Sports Med
Volume 40 Issue 7 Pages 614-618
Keywords Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data; Accidents, Occupational/statistics & numerical data; Animals; Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology/etiology; Female; France/epidemiology; Great Britain/epidemiology; *Horses; Humans; Incidence; Ireland/epidemiology; Male; Prospective Studies
Abstract BACKGROUND: It has been previously shown that professional jockeys suffer high rates of fatal and non-fatal injuries in the pursuit of their occupation. Little is known, however, about differences in injury rates between countries. AIM: To determine the rate of fatal and non-fatal injuries in flat and jump jockeys in France and to compare the injury rates with those in Great Britain and Ireland Method: Prospectively collected injury data on professional jockeys were used as the basis of the analysis. RESULTS: Limb fractures occur four times more often in both flat and jump racing in France than in Great Britain. Similarly dislocations are diagnosed 20 times more often in flat and three times more often in jump racing. This difference is surprising given that French jockeys have fewer falls per ride than their British counterparts in flat racing, although they do have more falls than the British in jump racing. Similarly concussion rates seem to be higher in French jockeys, although there may be a difference in the diagnostic methods used in the different countries. By contrast, soft tissue injuries account for a far smaller percentage of injuries than in Great Britain. CONCLUSION: There are striking differences in injury rates between countries which may be explained in part by a difference in track conditions-for example, harder tracks in France-or different styles of racing--for example, larger fields of horses per race in France.
Address Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. paulmccr@bigpond.net.au
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1473-0480 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:16687479 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3762
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Author Nicol, C.J.; Brown, S.N.; Glen, E.; Pope, S.J.; Short, F.J.; Warriss, P.D.; Zimmerman, P.H.; Wilkins, L.J.
Title Effects of stocking density, flock size and management on the welfare of laying hens in single-tier aviaries Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication British poultry science Abbreviated Journal (up) Br Poult Sci
Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 135-146
Keywords Animal Husbandry/*methods; *Animal Welfare; Animals; Body Constitution/*physiology; Chickens/*physiology; Crowding; Feathers; Female; *Housing, Animal/standards; Mortality; Organ Size; Oviposition/physiology; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Random Allocation
Abstract Management practices, stocking rate and flock size may affect laying hen welfare but there have been few replicated studies in commercial non-cage systems that investigate this. This study used a broad range of physical and physiological indicators to assess the welfare of hens in 36 commercial flocks. Six laying period treatments were examined with each treatment replicated 6 times. It was not possible to randomly allocate treatments to houses, so treatment and house were largely confounded. Three stocking rates were compared: 7 birds/m(2) (n = 2450), 9 birds/m(2) (n = 3150) and 12 birds/m(2) in either small (n = 2450) or large (n = 4200) flocks. In addition, at 12 birds/m(2), in both small and large flocks, birds were subjected to either standard (SM) or modified (MM) management. MM flocks had nipple drinkers and no nest-box lights. Bone strength, fracture incidence, heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, live weight, organ weights, serum creatine, serum osmolality, muscle pH and faecal corticosterone were measured on samples of birds at the end of the rearing period and at the end of lay. During the laying period, mortality, production and integument condition were recorded at regular intervals. Birds housed at 9 birds/m(2) had higher mortality than birds housed at 12 birds/m(2) by the end of lay, but not higher than birds housed at 7 birds/m(2). Birds housed at 7 and 9 birds/m(2) had lower percent liver weight, and worse plumage condition than most of the 12 bird/m(2) treatments. Modified management tended to improve plumage condition. There were no clear effects of flock size on the welfare indicators recorded. At the end of the rearing period fracture incidence was almost negligible and H:L ratio was within a normal range. By the end of lay fracture incidence was 60% and H:L ratio was high, with no treatment effect for either measure. This, together with information on faecal corticosterone, feather loss and mortality, suggests that the welfare of birds in all treatments was relatively poor by the end of lay.
Address School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU and ADAS Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Notts NG20 9PF, England. c.j.nicol@bristol.ac.uk
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0007-1668 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:16641024 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 65
Permanent link to this record