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Author |
Valero, N. |
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Title |
West Nile virus: a new challenge? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Investigacion Clinica |
Abbreviated Journal  |
Invest Clin |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
175-177 |
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Keywords |
Animal Migration; Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds; Caribbean Region; Central America; Culex/virology; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/virology; North America/epidemiology; South America; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/*physiology |
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Abstract |
West Nile Virus (WNV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, was first isolated in 1937. Since the original isolation of the WNV outbreaks have occurred with increase in frequency of cases in humans and horses, apparent increase in severe human disease and high avian death rates. In 1999, 2000 and 2002 outbreaks of the WNV encephalitis were reported in horses, birds and humans from New York and Canada. Ornithophilic mosquitoes are the principal vectors of the WNV and birds of several species chiefly migrants appear to be the major introductory or amplifying host. The pattern of outbreaks in the old and new world suggests that viremic migratory birds may also contribute to movement of the virus. If so, Central America, Caribbean Islands and countries of South America including Venezuela, are in potential risk for suffering a severe outbreak for WNV, since several species of birds have populations that pass trough New York and cross the western north Atlantic or Caribbean Sea. It is important the knowledge of the ecology of WNV as well of the efficacy of control efforts in order to minimize the public health impact in these countries, where all population is susceptible to this infection. |
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Spanish |
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Virus del Nilo Occidental: Un nuevo reto? |
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0535-5133 |
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PMID:14552056 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2640 |
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Author |
Sanchez-Vizcaino, J.M. |
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Title |
Control and eradication of African horse sickness with vaccine |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Developments in Biologicals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Biol (Basel) |
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Volume |
119 |
Issue |
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Pages |
255-258 |
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Keywords |
African Horse Sickness/epidemiology/*prevention & control; African horse sickness virus/immunology; Animals; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Equidae/*virology; Horses; Insect Control; Insect Vectors/virology; Spain/epidemiology; Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage |
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Abstract |
African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious but no-contagious viral disease of equidae with high mortality in horses. The disease is caused by an arthropod-borne double-stranded RNA virus within the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae transmitted by at least two species of Culicoides. Nine different serotypes have been described. The nine serotypes of AHS have been described in eastern and southern Africa. Only AHS serotypes 9 and 4 have been found in West Africa from where they occasionally spread into countries surrounding the Mediterranean. Examples of outbreaks that have occurred outside Africa are: in the Middle East (1959-1963), in Spain (serotype 9, 1966, serotype 4, 1987-1990), and in Portugal (serotype 4, 1989) and Morocco (serotype 4, 1989-1991). Laboratory diagnosis of AHS is essential. Although the clinical signs and lesions are characteristic, they can be confused with those of other diseases. Several techniques have been adapted for the detection of RNA segments, antibodies and antigen. Two types of vaccines have been described for AHS virus. Attenuated live vaccines (monovalent and polyvalent) for use in horses, mules and donkeys, are currently available, as well as a monovalent, serotype 4, inactivated vaccine, produced commercially but no longer available. New vaccines, including a subunit vaccine, have been evaluated experimentally. In this paper a review of the last AHS outbreaks in Spain, occurring during 1987-1990, and affecting the central and south part of the country, is presented. The role that vaccination played for the control and eradication of the disease, as well as other aspects such as climatological conditions, number of vectors and horse management, are also presented and evaluated. |
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Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. jmvizcaino@vet.ucm.es |
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1424-6074 |
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PMID:15742636 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2357 |
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Author |
Hall, R.A.; Broom, A.K.; Smith, D.W.; Mackenzie, J.S. |
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Title |
The ecology and epidemiology of Kunjin virus |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol |
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Volume |
267 |
Issue |
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Pages |
253-269 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Culicidae/virology; Ecosystem; Horse Diseases/etiology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors; Population Surveillance; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/*etiology/veterinary; West Nile virus/classification/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification |
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Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia |
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0070-217X |
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Notes |
PMID:12082993 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2642 |
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Author |
Endy, T.P.; Nisalak, A. |
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Title |
Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol |
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Volume |
267 |
Issue |
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Pages |
11-48 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Birds/virology; Climate; Culicidae/virology; Disease Outbreaks/history; Ecosystem; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/*pathogenicity; Encephalitis, Japanese/*epidemiology/*etiology/history/transmission; History, 20th Century; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; Japan/epidemiology; Risk Factors; Swine/virology; Thailand/epidemiology; Viral Vaccines/pharmacology |
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Department of Virology, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand |
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0070-217X |
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Notes |
PMID:12082986 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2643 |
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Author |
Dauphin, G.; Zientara, S.; Zeller, H.; Murgue, B. |
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Title |
West Nile: worldwide current situation in animals and humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
343-355 |
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Keywords |
Americas/epidemiology; Animals; Birds/virology; Culex/*virology; *Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Europe/epidemiology; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors/*virology; Middle East/epidemiology; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/*veterinary/virology; West Nile virus/*growth & development |
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Abstract |
West Nile (WN) virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is native to Africa, Europe, and Western Asia. It mainly circulates among birds, but can infect many species of mammals, as well as amphibians and reptiles. Epidemics can occur in rural as well as urban areas. Transmission of WN virus, sometimes involving significant mortality in humans and horses, has been documented at erratic intervals in many countries, but never in the New World until it appeared in New York City in 1999. During the next four summers it spread with incredible speed to large portions of 46 US states, and to Canada, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. In many respects, WN virus is an outstanding example of a zoonotic pathogen that has leaped geographical barriers and can cause severe disease in human and equine. In Europe, in the past two decades there have been a number of significant outbreaks in several countries. However, very little is known of the ecology and natural history of WN virus transmission in Europe and most WN outbreaks in humans and animals remain unpredictable and difficult to control. |
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AFSSA Alfort, UMR1161 (INRA-AFSSA-ENVA), 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP 63, 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France |
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ISSN |
0147-9571 |
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Notes |
PMID:15225984 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2635 |
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Author |
Shalaby, A.M. |
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Title |
Host-preference observations on Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in Gujarat State, India |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1969 |
Publication |
Annals of the Entomological Society of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann Entomol Soc Am |
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Volume |
62 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1270-1273 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Anopheles; Cattle; *Ddt; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Goats; Horses; Humans; India; *Insect Vectors; *Insecticide Resistance; Precipitin Tests; Sheep |
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0013-8746 |
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Notes |
PMID:5374165 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2739 |
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Author |
Fulhorst, C.F.; Hardy, J.L.; Eldridge, B.F.; Chiles, R.E.; Reeves, W.C. |
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Title |
Ecology of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: California serogroup) in coastal California |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
185-189 |
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Keywords |
Aedes/virology; Animals; Antibodies, Viral/blood; California/epidemiology; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology; Deer; Dog Diseases/epidemiology; Dogs; Encephalitis Virus, California/immunology/*isolation & purification; Encephalitis, California/epidemiology/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Insect Vectors/virology; Lagomorpha; Male; Neutralization Tests/veterinary; Peromyscus; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology; Sigmodontinae |
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Abstract |
This paper reports the first isolation of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus from coastal California and the results of tests for antibody to JC virus in mammals living in coastal California. The virus isolation was made from a pool of 50 Aedes dorsalis females collected as adults from Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, California. The virus isolate was identified by two-way plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization tests done in Vero cell cultures. Sera from the mammals were tested for antibody to JC virus by a plaque-reduction serum dilution neutralization method. A high prevalence of JC virus-specific antibody was found in horses and cattle sampled from Morro Bay. This finding is additional evidence for the presence of a virus antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus in Morro Bay and indicates that the vectors of the virus in Morro Bay feed on large mammals. A high prevalence of virus-specific antibody was also found in horses sampled from Marin and San Diego counties. This finding suggests that viruses antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus are geographically widespread in coastal California. |
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School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:8780458 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2656 |
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Author |
Hardy, J.L. |
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Title |
The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985 |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
37 |
Issue |
3 Suppl |
Pages |
18s-32s |
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Keywords |
Aedes/microbiology; Animals; Birds; California; Culex/microbiology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/*physiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*history/microbiology/transmission/veterinary; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/history/transmission; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mammals |
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Abstract |
Reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. Extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the Central Valley of California have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts involved in the basic virus transmission cycle, but the overall concept remains unchanged. The basic transmission cycle involves Culex tarsalis as the primary vector mosquito species and house finches and house sparrows as the primary amplifying hosts. Secondary amplifying hosts, upon which Cx. tarsalis frequently feeds, include other passerine species, chickens, and possibly pheasants in areas where they are abundant. Another transmission cycle that most likely is initiated from the Cx. tarsalis-wild bird cycle involves Aedes melanimon and the blacktail jackrabbit. Like humans and horses, California ground squirrels, western tree squirrels, and a few other wild mammal species become infected tangentially with the virus but do not contribute significantly to virus amplification. |
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Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720 |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:3318522 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2677 |
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Author |
Christensen, H.A.; Herrer, A. |
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Title |
Attractiveness of sentinel animals to vectors of leishmaniasis in Panama |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1973 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
578-584 |
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Animals; Cricetinae; Dogs; Ecology; Horses; *Insect Vectors; Leishmania/isolation & purification; Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/*etiology; Male; Panama; *Phlebotomus; Rats |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:4729738 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2712 |
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Author |
Scherer, W.F.; Dickerman, R.W. |
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Title |
Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southeastern Mexico. 8. Correlations and conclusions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1972 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
21 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
86-89 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Birds; Cattle; Chiroptera; Cricetinae; Culex; Culicidae; *Disease Reservoirs; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology; Encephalitis Viruses/*isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/*etiology; Horses; Humans; *Insect Vectors; Mammals; Mexico; Mice; Opossums; Rats; Swine |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:4399844 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2721 |
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