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| Author | Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J.; James, R.; Ruxton, G.D.; Franks, N.R. | ||||
| Title | Collective Memory and Spatial Sorting in Animal Groups | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology | Abbreviated Journal  |
J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume | 218 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-11 |
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| Abstract | We present a self-organizing model of group formation in three-dimensional space, and use it to investigate the spatial dynamics of animal groups such as fish schools and bird flocks. We reveal the existence of major group-level behavioural transitions related to minor changes in individual-level interactions. Further, we present the first evidence for collective memory in such animal groups (where the previous history of group structure influences the collective behaviour exhibited as individual interactions change) during the transition of a group from one type of collective behaviour to another. The model is then used to show how differences among individuals influence group structure, and how individuals employing simple, local rules of thumb, can accurately change their spatial position within a group (e.g. to move to the centre, the front, or the periphery) in the absence of information on their current position within the group as a whole. These results are considered in the context of the evolution and ecological importance of animal groups. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0022-5193 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5310 | ||
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| Author | Ecker, C.; Marquand, A.; Mourao-Miranda, J.; Johnston, P.; Daly, E.M.; Brammer, M.J.; Maltezos, S.; Murphy, C.M.; Robertson, D.; Williams, S.C.; Murphy, D.G.M. | ||||
| Title | Describing the Brain in Autism in Five Dimensions--Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Assisted Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Multiparameter Classification Approach | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | J. Neurosci. | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Neurosci. |
| Volume | 30 | Issue | 32 | Pages | 10612-10623 |
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| Abstract | Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with multiple causes, comorbid conditions, and a wide range in the type and severity of symptoms expressed by different individuals. This makes the neuroanatomy of autism inherently difficult to describe. Here, we demonstrate how a multiparameter classification approach can be used to characterize the complex and subtle structural pattern of gray matter anatomy implicated in adults with ASD, and to reveal spatially distributed patterns of discriminating regions for a variety of parameters describing brain anatomy. A set of five morphological parameters including volumetric and geometric features at each spatial location on the cortical surface was used to discriminate between people with ASD and controls using a support vector machine (SVM) analytic approach, and to find a spatially distributed pattern of regions with maximal classification weights. On the basis of these patterns, SVM was able to identify individuals with ASD at a sensitivity and specificity of up to 90% and 80%, respectively. However, the ability of individual cortical features to discriminate between groups was highly variable, and the discriminating patterns of regions varied across parameters. The classification was specific to ASD rather than neurodevelopmental conditions in general (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Our results confirm the hypothesis that the neuroanatomy of autism is truly multidimensional, and affects multiple and most likely independent cortical features. The spatial patterns detected using SVM may help further exploration of the specific genetic and neuropathological underpinnings of ASD, and provide new insights into the most likely multifactorial etiology of the condition. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1523/Jneurosci.5413-09.2010 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5191 | ||
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| Author | Gibbs, P.G.; Cohen, N.D. | ||||
| Title | Early management of race-bred weanlings and yearlings on farms | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Equine Vet. Sci. |
| Volume | 21 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 279-283 |
| Keywords | Equine, management, growth, nutrition, marketing | ||||
| Abstract | A total of 58 Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse farms that managed 1,987 weanlings and yearlings responded to a survey designed to better characterize early management of racing prospects. Average age at weaning was 5.5 months and over half of all farms kept almost three-fourths of all weanlings to be placed in pre-race training. Variation in feeding practices was evident and while well over half of all farms provided balanced nutrient supply to young horses, 20% to 40% likely fed unbalanced diets. An obvious preference existed for semi-confinement in young horses with plenty of free exercise. The majority of farms reported that young prospects were fed and managed for a moderate rate of growth. Forced exercise occurred to a much larger extent with yearlings than weanlings and 40% of farms described the footing as soft, but not deep. Response to the prevalence of developmental orthopedic diseases appeared somewhat guarded, and average injury rate was low on farms that attributed much of injury to horses playing too hard. Technological advancements such as photoperiod manipulation in broodmares were widely used, while valuable tools such as body condition scoring were utilized to a lesser extent. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5758 | ||
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| Author | Miklosi, A.; Pongracz, P.; Lakatos, G.; Topal, J.; Csanyi, V. | ||||
| Title | A Comparative Study of the Use of Visual Communicative Signals in Interactions Between Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Humans and Cats (Felis catus) and Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume | 119 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 179-186 |
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| Abstract | Dogs' (Canis familiaris) and cats' (Felis catus) interspecific communicative behavior toward humans was investigated. In Experiment 1, the ability of dogs and cats to use human pointing gestures in an object-choice task was compared using 4 types of pointing cues differing in distance between the signaled object and the end of the fingertip and in visibility duration of the given signal. Using these gestures, both dogs and cats were able to find the hidden food; there was no significant difference in their performance. In Experiment 2, the hidden food was made inaccessible to the subjects to determine whether they could indicate the place of the hidden food to a naive owner. Cats lacked some components of attention-getting behavior compared with dogs. The results suggest that individual familiarization with pointing gestures ensures high-level performance in the presence of such gestures; however, species-specific differences could cause differences in signaling toward the human. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 599 | ||
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| Author | Langbein, J.; Nurnberg, G.; Puppe, B.; Manteuffel, G. | ||||
| Title | Self-Controlled Visual Discrimination Learning of Group-Housed Dwarf Goats (Capra hircus): Behavioral Strategies and Effects of Relocation on Learning and Memory | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume | 120 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 58-66 |
| Keywords | dwarf goats; visual discrimination; operant learning; learning strategies; context | ||||
| Abstract | In most studies on animal learning, individual animals are tested separately in a specific learning environment and with a limited number of trials per day. An alternative approach is to test animals in a familiar environment in their social group. In this study, the authors--applying a fully automated learning device--investigated voluntary, self-controlled visual shape discrimination learning of group-housed dwarf goats (Capra hircus). The majority of the tested goats showed successful shape discrimination, which indicates the adaptive value of an effective learning strategy. However, in each group, a few individual goats developed behavioral strategies different from shape discrimination to get reward. Relocation impairs memory retrieval (probably by attention shifting) only temporarily for previously learnt shapes. The results demonstrate the usefulness of a self-controlled learning paradigm to assess learning abilities of social species in their normal social settings. This may be especially relevant for captive animals to improve their welfare. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2140 | |||
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| Author | Bahloul, K.; Pereladova, O.B.; Soldatova, N.; Fisenko, G.; Sidorenko, E.; Sempere, A.J. | ||||
| Title | Social organization and dispersion of introduced kulans (Equus hemionus kulan) and Przewalski horses (Equus przewalski) in the Bukhara Reserve, Uzbekistan | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Journal of Arid Environments | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Arid. Environ. |
| Volume | 47 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 309-323 |
| Keywords | Przewalski horses; kulans; Central Asia; home range; behaviour | ||||
| Abstract | Asiatic wild asses and Przewalski horses initially inhabited steppe, semi-desert and desert areas, but Przewalski horses became extinct in the wild, and kulans disappeared at the beginning of the 20th century, except for a small population in Turkmenistan. The Bukhara Breeding Centre (Uzbekistan) was created in 1976 for reintroduction and conservation of wild ungulate species. In 1977-1978, five kulans (two males and three females), from Barsa-Kelmes island on the Aral sea, were introduced into the reserve. The group increased to 25-30 animals in 1989-1990, when eight Przewalski horses from Moscow and St Petersburg zoos were introduced. We analysed the home ranges, preferred habitats and social interactions of these closely related species during 1995-1998 by seasonal and group composition. Horses and asses formed a reproductive group and a secondary non-reproductive group. The home range of the secondary group was larger than the reproductive group and seemed to be less dependent from the watering places. Przewalski horses were less adapted to semi-desert conditions (both water and vegetation needs) than kulan. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 777 | ||
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| Author | Negi,G. C. S.; Rikhari, H. C.; Ram,Jeet; Singh, S. P. | ||||
| Title | Foraging Niche Characteristics of Horses, Sheep and Goats in an Alpine Meadow of the Indian Central Himalaya | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1993 | Publication | The Journal of Applied Ecology | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Ecol |
| Volume | 30 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 383-394 |
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| Abstract | 1. Data on plant species foraged, foraging hours, bite rate, bite size and species dry matter (DM) removed per species per bite were collected in tussock grass-forb (Grass-F), forb-tussock grass (Forb-G), Trachydium-forb (Forb), Rhododendron-Cassiope and early successional communities from May to September in a moderately foraged Central Himalayan alpine meadow in order to study the foraging niche characteristics of horses, sheep and goats. 2. The three animals together grazed 30 plant species, of which 20 were grazed by horses, 22 by sheep and 16 by goats. 3. The average foraging hours (5.2-13.2), bites per minute (23-51) and mg DM per bite (59-99) for horses, sheep and goats were significantly different in different communities and months. 4. The foraging search cost, reckoned as distance walked per unit DM eaten, was highest for goats (15.4 km kg$^{-1}$), followed by sheep (8.1 km kg$^{-1}$) and horses (1.2 km kg$^{-1}$). 5. Of the total intake of horses (3.25 kg DM day$^{-1}$), the Forb community alone accounted for 40%. Sheep (0.74 kg DM day$^{-1}$) resembled horses in this respect. In contrast, the contribution of this community was negligible in the diet of goats in which the Grass-F community contributed most to the intake. 6. Forbs were the largest dietary category for all animal species. The selection ratio varied from 0.7 to 11.3 for forbs, 1.0 to 7.2 for sedges and 1.1 to 2.5 for grasses. 7. Response breadth (in terms of species grazed) was similar for horses and sheep (0.46 vs. 0.43) and somewhat wider for goats (0.49). 8. Grazing pressures below the carrying capacity of the community appeared to favour botanical diversity. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3545 | ||
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| Author | Fiske, J.C.; Potter, G.D. | ||||
| Title | Discrimination reversal learning in yearling horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1979 | Publication | J. Anim. Sci. | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim. Sci. |
| Volume | 49 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 583-588 |
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| Abstract | Twenty-six yearling horses were tested on a serial reversal learning discrimination combining spatial and brightness cues. An original discrimination of rewarded or nonrewarded stimuli was made followed by 20 daily reversals for position/brightness discrimination. Learning criteria were defined as 11 out of 12 correct, with the last eight responses all correct. Each horse was allowed 30 trials per discrimination to achieve criteria. Mean errors (ME) and mean trials (MT) required to achieve criteria were computed for each horse. A relative learning ability index (LAI) was calculated by the formula 1000/MT/ME. A daily emotionality score, based on a scale of one (tranquil) to six (very excitable) was assigned each horse each day after testing and a mean computed for each horse. A single subjective trainability score, based on a scale of one (difficult to train) to six (easy to train) was obtained for each horse from an independent trainer. Linear regression analyses for all 26 horses revealed a reduction in MT and ME (P<.01) over the 21-day test period indicating evidence of learning to learn. Differences (P<.05) were evident between sexes for MT and ME. Significant correlations between trainability scores and learning ability indices MT, ME, and LAI were evident for colts and geldings but not for fillies. Pooled data showed significant correlations between ME and trainability. There was a negative correlation (P<.05) between emotionality and trainability scores for all 26 horses, although the filly group did not exhibit significant correlation between these parameters. | ||||
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| Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 31; Export Date: 24 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4583 | ||
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| Author | McCall, C.A.; Potter, G.D.; Friend, T.H.; Ingram, R.S. | ||||
| Title | Learning abilities in yearling horses using the Hebb-Williams closed field maze | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1981 | Publication | J. Anim. Sci. | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim. Sci. |
| Volume | 53 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 928-933 |
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| Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 9; Export Date: 24 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4613 | ||
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| Author | Kristjansson, T.; Bjornsdottir, S.; Sigurdsson, A.; Andersson, L.S.; Lindgren, G.; Helyar, S.J.; Klonowski, A.M.; Arnason, T. | ||||
| Title | The effect of the ‘Gait keeper’ mutation in the DMRT3 gene on gaiting ability in Icelandic horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics | Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim. Breed. Genet. |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | n/a-n/a | ||
| Keywords | Gaiting ability; genotype effect; genotype probability | ||||
| Abstract | A nonsense mutation in DMRT3 (‘Gait keeper’ mutation) has a predominant effect on gaiting ability in horses, being permissive for the ability to perform lateral gaits and having a favourable effect on speed capacity in trot. The DMRT3 mutant allele (A) has been found in high frequency in gaited breeds and breeds bred for harness racing, while other horse breeds were homozygous for the wild-type allele (C). The aim of this study was to evaluate further the effect of the DMRT3 nonsense mutation on the gait quality and speed capacity in the multigaited Icelandic horse and demonstrate how the frequencies of the A- and C- alleles have changed in the Icelandic horse population in recent decades. It was confirmed that homozygosity for the DMRT3 nonsense mutation relates to the ability to pace. It further had a favourable effect on scores in breeding field tests for the lateral gait tölt, demonstrated by better beat quality, speed capacity and suppleness. Horses with the CA genotype had on the other hand significantly higher scores for walk, trot, canter and gallop, and they performed better beat and suspension in trot and gallop. These results indicate that the AA genotype reinforces the coordination of ipsilateral legs, with the subsequent negative effect on the synchronized movement of diagonal legs compared with the CA genotype. The frequency of the A-allele has increased in recent decades with a corresponding decrease in the frequency of the C-allele. The estimated frequency of the A-allele in the Icelandic horse population in 2012 was 0.94. Selective breeding for lateral gaits in the Icelandic horse population has apparently altered the frequency of DMRT3 genotypes with a predicted loss of the C-allele in relatively few years. The results have practical implications for breeding and training of Icelandic horses and other gaited horse breeds. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1439-0388 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5831 | ||
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