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(2013). R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
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Iliopoulos, Y., Youlatos, D., & Sgardelis, S. (2013). Wolf pack rendezvous site selection in Greece is mainly affected by anthropogenic landscape features. Eur J Wildl Res, 60.
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Herbst, C. T., Herzel, H., Svec, J. G., Wyman, M. T., & Fitch, W. T. (2013). Visualization of system dynamics using phasegrams. J R Soc Interface, 10.
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Rozempolska-Ruciń, ska, I., Trojan, M., Kosik, E. ż, bieta, Próchniak, T., et al. (2013). How “natural” training methods can affect equine mental state? A critical approach -- a review. Animal Science Papers & Reports, 31(3), 185.
Abstract: Among equestrians the “natural” training methods of horses are gaining widespread popularity due to their spectacular efficiency. Underlying philosophy of trainers – founders of different “natural horsemanship training” (NHT) schools, along with other not well documented statements includes argumentation of solely welfare- and human-friendly effects of NHT in the horse. The aim of this review was to screen scientific papers related to NHT to answer the question whether „natural“ training methods may actually exert only positive effects upon equine mental state and human-horse relationship. It appears that NHT trainers may reduce stress and emotional tension and improve learning processes as they appropriately apply learning stimuli. Basing on revised literature it can be concluded that training is successful provided that [i] the strength of the aversive stimulus meets sensitivity of an individual horse, [ii] the aversive stimulus is terminated at a right moment to avoid the impression of punishment, and [iii] the animal is given enough time to assess its situation and make an independent decision in the form of adequate behavioural reaction. Neglecting any of these conditions may lead to substantial emotional problems, hyperactivity, or excessive fear in the horse-human relationship, regardless of the training method. However, we admit that the most successful NHT trainers reduce aversive stimulation to the minimum and that horses learn quicker with fear or stress reactions, apparently decreasing along with training process. Anyway, NHT should be acknowledged for absolutely positive role in pointing out the importance of proper stimulation in the schooling and welfare of horses.
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Wolter, R., Pantel, N., Möstl, E., & Krueger, K. (2013). Die Rolle des Alpha-Hengstes in einer Przewalski Bachelor-Gruppe beim Erkunden einer neuen Fläche in einem Semi-Reservat. (Vol. Göttinger Pferdetage'13, 66).
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Fuchs, K., Götz, K., Manschel, K., Pohl, L., Preisendanz, L., Weil, S., et al. (2013). Vergleich der Interaktionen von Pferden in Boxenhaltung mit Weidegang und Pferden in Offenstallhaltung. In Göttinger Pferdetage’13 (65).
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Ruess, M., Schmelz, A., & Krueger, K. (2013). Einfluss vitomechanischer Schwingungen auf das Muskuloskeletalsystem der Pferde. In Göttinger Pferdetage’13 (111).
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Lerbs, S., Raue, T., & Krueger, K. (2013). Untersuchung der natürlichen Schiefe der Fohlen in Abhängigkeit zur sensorischen und motorischen Lateralität, sowie zur Seitenpräferenz beim Saugen. In Göttinger Pferdetage’13.
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Krueger, K., & Lerbs, S. (2013). Die Schiefe, und die motorische sowie sensorische Lateralität des Pferdes. In Jahrestagung der DVG, Fachgruppe: Tierschutz & Ethologie und Tierhaltung Umwelt und Tierhygiene.
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h:, M., Lévy, F., Fortin, M., Leterrier, C., & LansadLansade, L. (2013). Stress and temperament affect working memory performance for disappearing food in horses, Equus caballus. Animal Behaviour, 86(6), 1233–1240.
Abstract: In the present study, we sought to determine the influence of stress and temperament on working memory for disappearing food in horses. After assessment of five dimensions of temperament, we tested working memory of horses using a delayed-response task requiring a choice between two food locations. Delays ranging from 0 to 20 s were tested. The duration of working memory for disappearing food was first characterized without stressors (N = 26). The horses were then divided into two groups and their performance was assessed under stressful (exposure to acute stressors prior to testing, N = 12) or control conditions (N = 12). Results showed that the duration of working memory for disappearing food lasted at least 20 s under nonstressful conditions, and that under stressful conditions this duration lasted less than 12 s. This stress-induced impairment confirms in a nonrodent species that working memory performance is very sensitive to exposure to stressors. In addition, working memory performance in horses is influenced by the temperamental dimension of fearfulness according to the state of stress: fearful horses showed better performance under control conditions and worse performance under stressful conditions than nonfearful horses. These findings are discussed in the context of the Yerkes–Dodson law of stress and performance.
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