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Nicol, C. J. (2002). Equine learning: progress and suggestions for future research. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 78(2-4), 193–208.
Abstract: Horses are well able to form classical and instrumental associations and so the focus of much recent research has been on the stimulus control of instrumental learning. Horses appear to discriminate using spatial cues more easily than other stimulus features, as indicated both by the speed of initial task acquisition and by the extent to which acquired discriminations can be reversed. Phenomena associated with discrimination learning in laboratory animals, including generalisation and peak shift, have been demonstrated in horses. However, the ability of horses to classify stimuli into categories is more controversial. Although there is some evidence that horses may be able to form categories based on similarities in the physical appearance of different stimuli, there is currently no evidence that they are able to develop abstract concepts. Their performance on social learning tasks has also been poor. Few correlations are observed between the learning ability of individual horses on different tasks, suggesting that it may not be possible to classify individual horses as `good' or `poor' learners. Better learning performance by horses that are naturally calm is probably due to reduced interference in the learning process. Correct handling procedures can lower reactivity levels in horses, and may facilitate learning in some circumstances. Future research on equine learning needs to take into account the complex nature of equine social interaction. Studies on the effects of stress on learning, and on social and spatial cognition, are also particularly needed.
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Neveu, P. J. (2002). Cerebral Lateralisation and the Immune System. In A. Clow, & F. Hucklebridge (Eds.), International Review of Neurobiology: Neurobiology of the Immune System (Vol. 52, pp. 303–318). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
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Möstl, E., & Palme, R. (2002). Hormones as indicators of stress. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol., 23(1–2), 67–74.
Abstract: Animal welfare is of increasing importance and absence of chronic stress is one of its prerequisites. During stress, various endocrine responses are involved to improve the fitness of the individual. The front-line hormones to overcome stressful situations are the glucocorticoids and catecholamines. These hormones are determined as a parameter of adrenal activity and thus of disturbance. The concentration of glucocorticoids (or their metabolites) can be measured in various body fluids or excreta. Above all, fecal samples offer the advantage that they can be easily collected and this procedure is feedback free. Recently, enzyme immunoassays (EIA) have been developed and successfully tested, to enable the measurement of groups of cortisol metabolites in animal feces. The determination of these metabolites in fecal samples is a practical method to monitor glucocorticoid production.
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Murphy, M. A., Waits, L. P., Kendall, K. C., Wasser, S. K., Higbee, J. A., & Bogden, R. (2002). An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples. Conservat. Genet., 3(4), 435–440.
Abstract: Relatively few large-scale faecal DNA studieshave been initiated due to difficulties inamplifying low quality and quantity DNAtemplate. To improve brown bear faecal DNA PCRamplification success rates and to determinepost collection sample longevity, fivepreservation methods were evaluated: 90%ethanol, DETs buffer, silica-dried, oven-driedstored at room temperature, and oven-driedstored at -20 °C. Preservationeffectiveness was evaluated for 50 faecalsamples by PCR amplification of a mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA) locus (~146 bp) and a nuclear DNA(nDNA) locus (~200 bp) at time points of oneweek, one month, three months and six months. Preservation method and storage timesignificantly impacted mtDNA and nDNAamplification success rates. For mtDNA, allpreservation methods had >= 75% success atone week, but storage time had a significantimpact on the effectiveness of the silicapreservation method. Ethanol preserved sampleshad the highest success rates for both mtDNA(86.5%) and nDNA (84%). Nuclear DNAamplification success rates ranged from 26-88%, and storage time had a significant impacton all methods but ethanol. Preservationmethod and storage time should be importantconsiderations for researchers planningprojects utilizing faecal DNA. We recommendpreservation of faecal samples in 90% ethanolwhen feasible, although when collecting inremote field conditions or for both DNA andhormone assays a dry collection method may beadvantageous.
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Mostl, E., & Palme, R. (2002). Hormones as indicators of stress. Fourth International Conference on Farm Animal Endocrinology, 23(1-2), 67–74.
Abstract: Animal welfare is of increasing importance and absence of chronic stress is one of its prerequisites. During stress, various endocrine responses are involved to improve the fitness of the individual. The front-line hormones to overcome stressful situations are the glucocorticoids and catecholamines. These hormones are determined as a parameter of adrenal activity and thus of disturbance. The concentration of glucocorticoids (or their metabolites) can be measured in various body fluids or excreta. Above all, fecal samples offer the advantage that they can be easily collected and this procedure is feedback free. Recently, enzyme immunoassays (EIA) have been developed and successfully tested, to enable the measurement of groups of cortisol metabolites in animal feces. The determination of these metabolites in fecal samples is a practical method to monitor glucocorticoid production.
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Morgan, K., Funkquist, P., & Nyman, G. (2002). The effect of coat clipping on thermoregulation during intense exercise in trotters. Equine Veterinary Journal, 34(S34), 564–567.
Abstract: Summary The aim of this study was to study the physiological, especially thermoregulatory, responses during intense exercise in the clipped horse compared to the horse with winter coat. Six Standardbred trotters were studied before and after clipping. They performed an inclined incremental high intensity treadmill exercise test and were monitored during recovery. The clipped horse differed significantly (ANOVA) during exercise as compare to coated: less increase in central venous blood temperature, higher skin surface temperature, greater difference skin to ambient temperature and higher rate of nonevaporative heat loss. The clipped horse had significantly lower total cutaneous evaporative heat loss from walk to end of peak exercise and a shorter time for recovery for the respiratory rate using a paired t test. The clipped horse showed a tendency (P = 0.059) to decreased oxygen uptake during the stepwise increase in workload. We concluded that the clipped horse experienced less strain on the thermoregulatory system due to an enhanced heat loss. Some clipped horses in the study showed a more efficient power output; future studies with emphasis on respiration and oxygen demand are needed to explain this.
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Moons, C., Heleski, C. R., Leece, C. M., & Zanella, A. J. (2002). Conflicting Results in the Association Between Plasma and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Foals. Retrieved May 14, 2024, from http://www3.vet.upenn.edu/labs/equinebehavior/hvnwkshp/hv02/zanella.htm
Abstract: Introduction
Glucocorticoids are present in many biological fluids as a free fraction or bound to Corticoid
Binding Globulins (CBG) (Matteri et al, 2000). There are conflicting claims regarding the validity of
saliva as a biological fluid to measure cortisol in horses (Lebelt et al, 1996; McGreevy and Pell, 1998;
van der Kolk et al, 2001). Measuring changes in salivary cortisol levels in normal horses and horses
with Cushing`s disease van der Kolk and collaborators (2001) demonstrated the validity of saliva to
assess adrenal function. Puzzling results were reported by McGreevy and Pell (1998) who suggested
that plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations in horses showing oral stereotypies were correlated
but this association was non-existent in control animals. Investigating the responses of foals to
branding and foot-trimming Zanella et al (unpublished results) were unable to identify a relationship
between plasma and salivary cortisol levels in foals. In several species, levels of cortisol in plasma and
saliva are tightly correlated (Fenske, 1996). Cortisol found in blood consists of a fraction bound to
corticoid binding globulin (CBG) and a free, unbound fraction. Free cortisol represents the
biologically active fraction of this steroid hormone. Salivary cortisol reflects the unbound fraction
found in plasma or serum and it passes readily through the parotid membrane (Riad-Fahmy, 1983;
Horning Walker et al,1977). Unbound steroids transfer rapidly between plasma and saliva
(Walker,1989; Scott et al 1990). Saliva flow-rate does not appear to influence saliva cortisol levels in
different species (Hubert and de Jong-Meyer, 1989; Walker 1989, Scott et a, 1990). In horses, Lebelt
et al (1996) reported that salivary and plasma total cortisol in stallions were correlated. We
hypothesized that changes in salivary cortisol in foals would show a pattern that is correlated to that of
plasma free and plasma total cortisol concentrations in foals. In addition, we anticipated that the lack
of good sampling techniques provides an explanation for the failure in determining the association
between salivary and plasma cortisol in foals.
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Moehlman, P. D. (Ed.). (2002). Equids: zebras, asses and horses: status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Abstract: Once one of the most abundant grazing animals, now only seven species remain. Equids persist in some of the harshest climates and terrains in the world, habitats which are also home to many human populations. Conservation will depend on local nomadic pastoralists participating in, and benefiting from, the conservation management of their areas. Included are summaries of the conservation status, biology and ecology of wild zebras, asses, and horses and recommendations for conservation action
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Equids: Zebras, Asses And Horses: Status Survey And Conservation Action Plan
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Editorial Reviews
Book Description
The new Equid Action Plan provides current knowledge on the biology, ecology and conservation status of wild zebras, asses, and horses. It specifies what information is lacking, and prioritizes needed conservation actions. The Action Plan also provides chapters on equid taxonomy, genetics, reproductive biology, and population dynamics. These chapters highlight unsolved issues of taxonomy and genetics. They also provide information and insight into the special demographic and genetic challenges of managing small populations. The chapter on disease provides a review of documented equine disease and epidemiology and focuses on priorities for equid conservation health. The final chapter deals with the importance of developing an assessment methodology that explicitly considers the role of equids in ecosystems and the ecological processes that are necessary for ecosystem viability. The approach of combining ecological field studies and ecosystem modeling should prove useful for the scientific management and conservation of wild equids worldwide. These chapters provide research and conservation practitioners with new information and paradigms.
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Milo, R., Shen-Orr, S., Itzkovitz, S., Kashtan, N., Chklovskii, D., & Alon, U. (2002). Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks. Science, 298(5594), 824–827.
Abstract: Complex networks are studied across many fields of science. To uncover their structural design principles, we defined “network motifs,” patterns of interconnections occurring in complex networks at numbers that are significantly higher than those in randomized networks. We found such motifs in networks from biochemistry, neurobiology, ecology, and engineering. The motifs shared by ecological food webs were distinct from the motifs shared by the genetic networks of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae or from those found in the World Wide Web. Similar motifs were found in networks that perform information processing, even though they describe elements as different as biomolecules within a cell and synaptic connections between neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. Motifs may thus define universal classes of networks. This approach may uncover the basic building blocks of most networks.
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Mills, D. S., Alston, R. D., Rogers, V., & Longford, N. T. (2002). Factors associated with the prevalence of stereotypic behaviour amongst Thoroughbred horses passing through auctioneer sales. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 78(2-4), 115–124.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether sex, age and/or coat colour were associated with the occurrence of stereotypic behaviour in the horse and to assess whether the occurrence of one type of stereotypy in an individual was associated with the occurrence of another specific type of stereotypy. The incidence of stereotypic boxwalking, weaving (both locomotor stereotypies) and oral stereotypy in 4061 Thoroughbred horses passing through five bloodstock auctions were recorded from sale declarations and information on returns. An overall prevalence of 5.1% was recorded, and varied with sex (P<0.001) and age (P<0.001) but not coat colour (P=0.495). Prevalence was higher in females, geldings, and 2-year-olds. Examination of the assumption that stereotypies are acquired independently suggested a higher than expected prevalence of animals with more than one stereotypy. The interaction was not the same for all forms of stereotypy recorded. The effect was greatest between boxwalking and weaving, (odds ratio 13.6) whilst combinations involving oral and locomotor stereotypies had lower odds ratios (between 2.9 and 4.9).
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