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Mitman, G. (1990). Dominance, leadership, and aggression: animal behavior studies during the Second World War. J Hist Behav Sci, 26(1), 3–16.
Abstract: During the decade surrounding the Second World War, an extensive literature on the biological and psychological basis of aggression surfaced in America, a literature that in general emphasized the significance of learning and environment in the origins of aggressive behavior. Focusing on the animal behavior research of Warder Clyde Allee and John Paul Scott, this paper examines the complex interplay among conceptual, institutional, and societal forces that created and shaped a discourse on the subjects of aggression, dominance, and leadership within the context of World War II. The distinctions made between sexual and social dominance during this period, distinctions accentuated by the threat of totalitarianism abroad, and the varying ways that interpretations of behavior could be negotiated attests to the multiplicity of interactions that influence the development of scientific research.
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McCall, C. A. (1990). A Review of Learning Behavior in Horses and its Application in Horse Training. J. Anim Sci., 68(1), 75–81.
Abstract: A literature review of the equine learning research conducted in the past 20 yr revealed that the purpose of most of the studies was to determine whether horses respond to learning situations in the same way that other animals do. The results indicated that horses can discriminate many different types of stimuli, and they learn through stimulus-response- reinforcement chains. Most equine learning studies have utilized learning tasks depending on primary positive reinforcement to get the horses to work the tests. Yet, the majority of horse trainers use negative reinforcement more often than primary positive reinforcement in their training procedures. Therefore, past research often did not have a direct application to training methods commonly utilized in the horse industry. Research also demonstrated that 1) early experiences of horses can affect learning ability later, 2) equine memory is efficient and 3) concentrating learning mals in long training sessions decreases equine learning efficiency. Many factors that might affect equine learning ability and be applicable to training practices in the horse industry have not been thoroughly investigated; for example, interactions between nutrition and learning and between exercise and learning, the use of negative and secondary reinforcements in horse training, and the horse's ability to make few initial errors compared to its ability to eliminate errors as training progresses all require investigation in future equine learning studies. N1 -
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Heyes, C. M., & Dawson, G. R. (1990). A demonstration of observational learning in rats using a bidirectional control. Q J Exp Psychol B, 42(1), 59–71.
Abstract: Hungry rats observed a conspecific demonstrator pushing a single manipulandum, a joystick, to the right or to the left for food reward and were then allowed access to the joystick from a different orientation. The effects of right-pushing vs left-pushing observation experience on (1) response acquisition, (2) reversal of a left-right discrimination, and (3) responding in extinction, were examined. Rats that had observed left-pushing made more left responses during acquisition than rats that had observed right-pushing, and rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the direction that had previously been reinforced took longer to reach criterion reversal and made more responses in extinction than rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the opposite direction to that previously reinforced. These results provide evidence that rats are capable of learning a response, or a response-reinforcer contingency, through conspecific observation.
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Franke Stevens, E. (1990). Instability of harems of feral horses in relation to season and presence of subordinate stallions. Behaviour, 112(3-4), 149–161.
Abstract: Male horses (Equus caballus) defend harems of females (bands) year-round and throughout their lifetimes. A male's lifetime reproductive success depends upon the number of females in his harem. Although harems have previously been reported as remaining stable over many years, during the two years of this study 30 % of the adult females in an island population of feral horses changed harems during late winter. The seasonal differences in harem stability resulted from seasonal differences in the abundance and distribution of food. The spacing between band members was greater and the frequency of social interactions between them was lower in winter than in summer. In addition, the amount of time devoted to grazing increased in winter. These differences are attributed to the lower availability of suitable vegetation duirng winter. Harem stability did not depend on the age of females, the size of the harem, nor the age of the harem stallion, but did depend on the presence of subordinate stallions attached to the band. All of the females that changed bands left single-male bands; multi-male bands were stable throughout the study.
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Stander, P. E., Nott, T.B., Lindeque, P.M., & Lindeque, M. (1990). Mass marking of zebras in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Madoqua, 17(1), 47–49.
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Würbel, H. (1990). The relationship between social structure and mating system in donkeys & Mating strategies of male donkeys in a promiscuous mating system"l structure and mating system in donkeys &. Diploma thesis, , Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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Wiesner, J., & V. Hegel, G. (1990). Zur Immobilisation von Wildequiden mit STH 2130 und Tiletamin/Zolazepam. Tierärzl Prax, 18, 151–154.
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Schilder, M. B. H. (1990). Social behaviour and social arganization of a herd of plains zebra in a safari park. Ph.D. thesis, , University of Utrecht.
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Schilder, M. B. H. (1990). Interventions in a herd of semi – captive Plains zebras. Behaviour, 112(1-2), 53–83.
Abstract: n a herd of semi-captive plains zebras interventions, which occurred within the harems, were investigated in order to answer the question why zebras interfered. These interventions are of interest because they regulate the contacts between companions and because, as corrective and preventive measures, they reveal the normative principles underlying the behaviours by which animals structure their social environment. An attempt was made to deduce 1) the internal norms of the interferer; 2) his short term aims; 3) his tactis and 4) his perception of the social environment. The analysis revealed that in the case of an affiliative interaction foals, yearlings and adult mares started to interfere if a friend had an affiliative contact with another zebra. In view of the interferer's behaviours it was concluded that their aim was to break off the ongoing interaction and that zebras tended to protect friendship bonds. Foals and yearlings further interfered if their mother was being threatened, attacked or sexually approached by a stallion. In view of the interferer's behaviours its aim was to prevent iminent interactions or to break off ongoing interactions. This suggests that these interventions were of a protective nature. The interferer's behaviours in both contexts ware very much alike. Mares tended to interfere if their foal/yearling or adult daughter was threathened or aggressed or if a mare friend was being sexually approached by a stallion. This type of intervention was of a protective nature. Stallions in a multi male harem showed a high tendency to interfere in courtship interactions. From the resemblance between interventions in courtship and in aggressive interactions it is concluded that, at leat in a number of cases, the individuals have perceived courtship behaviour by the stallion as a threat towards the mare involved.
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Rutberg, A. T. (1990). Inter-group transfer in assateague pony mares. Anim. Behav., 40(5), 945–952.
Abstract: Between-previous termgroup transfernext term of adult female previous termponies,next term Equus caballus, was investigated for three consecutive summers on previous Assateaguenext Island, Maryland, U.S.A. Both the previous terminternext term-band movements of individual previous termmares and the marenext term turnover rates of one-male “harem” bands were examined. Long-term previous termtransfersnext term occurred at rates ranging from 0·06 to 0·18 per previous termmarenext term per month. previous termMaresnext term with foals transferred more frequently than previous termmaresnext term without foals, but neither female age, pregnancy, nearest-neighbour distances nor dominance rank affected the likelihood of transferring. Band turnover rates were uncorrelated with the average frequency of previous termmare-marenext term aggression within the band, but new previous termmaresnext term entering a band suffered a transient rise in aggression received. Thus, female aggression did not encourage, and may have discouraged, previous terminternext term-band previous termtransfers.next term Older stallions and stallions who had held bands for 2 years or more had significantly larger and more stable bands. Fewer previous termmarenext term turnovers were seen in bands whose stallions tended to face their previous termmares,next term showed a relatively high proportion of time feeding, and showed a relatively low proportion of time involved in aggression with other stallions, although at marginal levels of significance for all three variables. Thus, variability in stallion attributes, and possibly behaviour, probably plays the strongest role in determining previous termmare transfernext term patterns at previous termAssateague.next term
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