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Penzhorn Bl,. (1988). Equus zebra. Mammalian Species, 314, 1–7.
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Fuller, T. K., & Sampson, B. A. (1988). Evaluation of a simulated howling survey for wolves. J Widl Manag, 52.
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NOVELLIE PA et al,. (1988). Factors affecting the seasonal movements of Cape mountain zebras in the Mountain Zebra National Park. S Afr J Zool, 23, 13–19.
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O'Brien, P. H. (1988). Feral goat social organization: a review and comparative analysis. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 21.
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Houston, A. I., & McNamara, J. M. (1988). Fighting for food: a dynamic version of the Hawk-Dove game. Evol. Ecol., 2(1), 51–64.
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Marinier, S. L., Alexander, A. J., & Waring, G. H. (1988). Flehmen behaviour in the domestic horse: Discrimination of conspecific odours. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 19(3-4), 227–237.
Abstract: American Saddlebred horses were used to test the responses of domestic horses to the odours of conspecifics. In all cases the odours were tested in the absence of the donor animal. Thus the test animal's behavioural responses were concentrated on the olfactory stimuli, and possible interference from donor behaviour was eliminated. Stallions were significantly more responsive than mares and geldings. This was shown in both flehmen and sniffing behaviour to urine/vaginal secretions and in sniffing behaviour to faecal samples. Only stallions were used for subsequent tests. Stallions showed no significant differences in response to the odour of urine/vaginal secretions of an oestrus mare from that when she was not in season. Parameters used for analysis of data were frequency, latency and duration of flehmen as well as duration of responsiveness to samples. In testing for differences in odours between individual mares, two methods were used. The stallions differentiated between samples from individual mares. In some cases this differentiation was exhibited when the stallions were merely presented with the two samples in sequence. In other cases statistically significant differences in response to the odours were shown only by simultaneous presentation of the two samples to the test stallion. Parameters used for data analysis were frequency and duration of flehmen and duration of responsiveness.
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Milton, K. (1988). Foraging behaviour and the evolution of primate intelligence. In R. Byrne, & A. Whiten (Eds.), Machiavellian Intelligence (pp. 285–409). Oxford: Oxford Univ Press.
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Geyer Cj, T. E. (1988). Gene survival in the Asian wild horse: I. Dependence of gene survival in the Calgary breeding group pedigree. Zoo Biol, 7, 313–327.
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Jerison H. J. (1988). Intelligence and Evolutionary Biology (J. J. Jerison H. J., Ed.).
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Hauser M.D. (1988). Invention and social transmission: new data from wild vervet monkeys. In Machiavellian Intelligence (pp. 327–343). Oxford: Oxford Univ Press.
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