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Sugiyama Y, Koman J, & Bhoye Show M. (1988). Ant-catching wands of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Folia Primatol., 51, 56.
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Gopnik A, G. P. (1988). Knowing how you know: young children's ability to identify and remember the sources of their beliefs. Child Dev., 59, 1366.
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Galdikas BMF. (1988). Orangutan diet, range, and activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo. Int. J. Primatol., 9, 1.
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Kozarovitskii, L. B. (1988). [Further comment on the distinction between humans and animals]. Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki, (3), 42–45.
Abstract: The problem of mind is considered in the aspect of natural scientific and philosophical problem of distinction between human and animal. The widespread confusion of the terms “rudiments”, “elements” of specifically human properties in animals and “biological prerequisites” of these properties are critically analysed. The idea is formulated according to which only in the process of anthropogenesis the rudiments of new social property--mind, conscience--could appear in the developing human beings.
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Holzapfel, W. H., & Botha, S. J. (1988). Physiology of Sporolactobacillus strains isolated from different habitats and the indication of in vitro antagonism against Bacillus species. Int J Food Microbiol, 7(2), 161–168.
Abstract: In an ecological study only low numbers of Sporolactobacillus were found in habitats such as the faeces of herbivores, the rumen of cattle and the final waste water of an abattoir. Their presence in the final waste water of an abattoir indicates their possible association with food, and, more specifically, with meat. Differences were found in some physiological characteristics. One isolate (L2404) differed from the authentic Sporolactobacillus ATCC 15538 by its inability to ferment inulin, its growth in presence of 6.5% NaCl and in 0.2% tellurite, by the isomer(s) of lactic acid produced and the mol% G + G in the DNA. One Sporolactobacillus isolate (L2407) showed antagonism against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus var, mycoides, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis.
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Kolter, L., & Zimmermann, W. (1988). Social behaviour of Przewalski horses (Equus p. przewalskii) in the Cologne Zoo and its consequences for management and housing. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 21(1-2), 117–145.
Abstract: Between 1977 and 1986, two actual rank changes and two unsuccessful attempts occurred among the mares of the Cologne herd. The stallion was at first a low-ranking individual, but attained a dominant position during the last 3 years. At this time he started to split his group and thus to affect attachment relationships among his mares. During his absence of half a year, new bonds resulted and disappeared again some months after his return. Foals were tolerated by the sire for a long time. His behaviour to young, sub-adult mares varied with the individual. Protection of sub-adult mares by adult mares against the stallion's attacks may occur. Young mares protect and guard strange foals from their very first day. Management steps to cope with social and feeding problems consisted of enlargement and adding complexity to the enclosure, the establishment of more feeding sites, building a stable and temporary removal of the stallion.
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Klimov, V. V. (1988). Spatial-ethological organization of the herd of Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) in Askania-Nova. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 21(1-2), 99–115.
Abstract: The ethological structure of the herd of Przewalski horses includes hierarchic ranks of horses which determine their social roles in the herd. Besides the age ranks, the wild horses are characterized by the formation of harem groups, a “leading” group of females, a group of bachelor stallions, family groups, etc. The ethological structure determines the spatial one, which is the form of distribution of horses over the territory, and its assimilation and transformation into a system of informative spatial units. Under the influence of “internal” and “external” stimuli, the intragoup regulatory mechanims (social adaptations) manifest themselves, which allow the herd to function in the complicated situation of the reserve and allow humans to control the herd by using these mechanisms. There are grounds to believe that, given the balanced ethological structure of these groups, wild horses could be successfully acclimatized into natural biotopes.
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Houpt, K. A., & Fraser, A. F. (1988). Przewalski horses. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 21(1-2), 1–3.
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Kirkpatrick, J. F., Kasman, L. H., Lasley,, B. L., & Turner, J. W. J. (1988). Pregnancy Determination in Uncaptured Feral Horses. J Wildl Manag, 52(2), 305–308.
Abstract: The urinary excretion of estrone sulfate ($\text{E}{1}\text{S}$) by 25 free-roaming feral horses (Equus caballus) was measured by radioimmunoassay applied to extracts of urine-soaked soil. Twelve of 15 mares having $\text{E}{1}\text{S}$ concentrations >1.0 mg/mg creatinine (x = 2.64 +- 1.02 [SD]) produced foals. All 10 mares with $\text{E}{1}\text{S}$ concentrations <1.0 mg/mg creatinine (x = 0.44 +- 0.26) did not foal. Extracting urine from soil and measuring $\text{E}{1}\text{S}$ and creatinine can be used to determine pregnancy in free-roaming feral horses without the stress of capture or immobilization.
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Berger, J.,. (1988). Social systems, resources, and phylogenetic inertia: an experimental test and its limitations. In C. N. Slobochikoff (Ed.), Ecology of Social Behavior (pp. 157–186). San Diego: Academic Press.
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