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Svendsen Ed,. (1986). The professional handbook of the donkey. England.
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Takai, S., Narita, K., Ando, K., & Tsubaki, S. (1986). Ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil on a horse-breeding farm. Vet Microbiol, 12(2), 169–177.
Abstract: The ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil was studied on a horse-breeding farm. R. equi was cultured from soil at a depth of 0, 10, and 20 cm on the six sites of the farm at monthly intervals for 10 months from March to December of 1983. The highest numbers of R. equi were found in the surface soil. The mean number of bacteria in soil samples at every depth increased remarkably from 0 or 10(2) to 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) g-1 of soil in the middle of April, and later decreased gradually. R. equi inoculated into six soil exudate broths prepared from surface soils at separate sites yielded suspensions with different optical densities, indicating differences in growth. The distribution of serotypes in the soil was similar to that in the horses on the farm. These findings indicated that R. equi could multiply in the soil and flourish in the cycle existing between horses and their soil environment.
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Thouless, C. R., & Guinness, F. E. (1986). Conflict between red deer hinds: the winner always wins. Anim. Behav., 34(4), 1166–1171.
Abstract: Dominance relations between free-living, female red deer (hinds) (Cervus elaphus L.) on the Isle of Rhum, Scotland, were investigated. Most interactions were won by the older hind of the pair and this was the case even when both individuals had reached full body size. The younger hind was more likely to be the winner if the conflict was escalated or if the two hinds were strangers, in which case escalation was more frequent than usual. When outside their normal home range, older hinds were much more likely to lose, and younger ones more likely to win, than usual. These results can be best explained by the hinds using previous experience as a cue for conventional resolution of conflict, with the result that dominance relationships established early in life are perpetuated. No such cue is available if the hinds have not previously met.
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Turner Jw, K. J. (1986). Fertility control as a management tool for feral horse populations. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 278–284.
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Turner Jw, K. J. (1986). Hormones and reproduction in feral horses. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 250–258.
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Urcuioli, P. J., & Zentall, T. R. (1986). Retrospective coding in pigeons' delayed matching-to-sample. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 12(1), 69–77.
Abstract: In this study we examined how coding processes in pigeons' delayed matching-to-sample were affected by the stimuli to be remembered. In Experiment 1, two groups of pigeons initially learned 0-delay matching-to-sample with identical comparison stimuli (vertical and horizontal lines) but with different sample stimuli (red and green hues or vertical and horizontal lines). Longer delays were then introduced between sample offset and comparison onset to assess whether pigeons were prospectively coding the same events (viz., the correct line comparisons) or retrospectively coding different events (viz., their respective sample stimuli). The hue-sample group matched more accurately and showed a slower rate of forgetting than the line-sample group. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained with either hues or lines as both sample and comparison stimuli, or with hue samples and line comparisons or vice versa. Subsequent delay tests revealed that the hue-sample groups remembered more accurately and generally showed slower rates of forgetting than the line-sample groups. Comparison dimension had little or no effect on performance. Together, these data suggest that pigeons retrospectively code the samples in delayed matching-to-sample.
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Vogt H,. (1986). Quagga eine Subspecies. Naturwiss Rdsch, 39, H.
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Voith, V. L. (1986). Principles of learning. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice, 2(3), 485–506.
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White Dj,. (1986). The american humane association: Position on wild horse management. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 276–277.
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Wolfe Ml,. (1986). Population dynamics of feral horses in western North America. J Equine Vet Sc, 6, 231–235.
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