Shettleworth, S. J. (1978). Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Pavlovian conditioning with food and shock unconditioned stimuli. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 4(2), 152–169.
Abstract: The effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs) for food or shock on a variety of behaviors of golden hamsters were observed in three experiments. The aim was to see whether previously reported differences among the behaviors produced by food reinforcement and punishment procedures could be accounted for by differential effects of Pavlovian conditioning on the behaviors. There was some correspondence between the behaviors observed to the CSs and the previously reported effects of instrumental training. However, the Pavlovian conditioned responses (CRs) alone would not have predicted the effects of instrumental training. Moreover, CRs depended to some extent on the context in which training and testing occurred. These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that the results of Pavlovian conditioning procedures may not unambiguously predict what system of behaviors will be most readily modified by instrumental training with a given reinforcer.
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Houpt, K. A., Law, K., & Martinisi, V. (1978). Dominance hierarchies in domestic horses. Appl. Animal. Ethol., 4(3), 273–283.
Abstract: Dominance hierarchies were studied in 11 herds of domestic horses and ponies (Equus caballus). A paired feeding test was utilized to establish the dominance--subordination relationship between each pair of animals in a herd. Aggressive actions, threats, bites, kicks and chases were also recorded. In small herds linear hierarchies were formed, but in large herds triangular relationships were observed. Aggression was correlated with dominance rank. Body weight, but not age, appear to affect rank in the equine hierarchy. Juvenile horses were more likely to share feed with each other than were adult horses and were usually subordinate to adult horses. The daughters of a dominant mare were dominant within their own herds.
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Dirschl Hj, W. S. (1978). Grevy's Zebra abundance and distribution in Kenya, 1977. Ministry Tourism and Wildl; Areal survey rep ser, 4.
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Dirschl Hj, W. S. (1978). Population indices and distribution of the Grevy's Zebra in Kenya, 1977. Aerial Survey Rep, 4.
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Veeckman J,. (1978). Preliminary studies on the behavioural detection of oestrus in belgian “warmblood” mares with acoustic and tactile stimuli. Appl Anim Ethol, 4, 109–118.
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Sorensen, A. B. (1978). Mathematical Models in Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 4(1), 345–371.
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Eisenmann V, T. J. - C. (1978). Sur la taxinomie du genre Equus. Cahiers Analyse Données, 3, 179–201.
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Sereni J.L, B. M. (1978). Mise en évidence des relations de dominance – subordination chez le cheval, par la méthode de compétition alimentaire par paire. Biol Behav, 3, 87–93.
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Klingel H,. (1978). Was wird aus den Grevy- Zebras? Sielmanns Tierwelt, 2, 12–19.
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Premack D, & Woodruff G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav. Brain Sci., 1, 515.
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