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Sereni J.L, B. M. (1978). Mise en évidence des relations de dominance – subordination chez le cheval, par la méthode de compétition alimentaire par paire. Biol Behav, 3, 87–93.
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Ödberg, F. O. (1978). A Study of the Hearing Ability of Horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 10(2), 82–84.
Abstract: SUMMARY The ability of 10 horses to hear frequencies between 14 and 25 Kc/s was tested. The horses appeared to perceive ultrasounds by showing either fright reactions or Pryer reflexes to all of the 12 frequencies. The highest frequencies were heard less by older animals, and elicited more reactions in geldings than in mares. RÉSUMÉ Le pouvoir auditif de 10 chevaux à entendre des fréquences comprises entre 14 et 25 kilocycles a étééprouvée. Les chevaux semblent percevoir des ultrasons en réagissant par des attitudes de frayeur ou par des réflexes de PRYER à toutes les fréquences étudiées. Les fréquences les plus élevées sont perues moins facilement par les chevaux agés et provoquèrent des réactions plus vives chez les hongres que chez les juments. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei 10 Pferden wurde die Fähigkeit untersucht, Frequenzen zwischen 14 und 25 Kc/sec zu hören. Die Pferde schienen Ultraschall hören zu können: sie manifestierten Angst oder Pryer-Reflexe bei allen 12 Frequenzen. Die höchsten Frequenzen konnten von älteren Tieren weniger gut wahrgenommen werden; sie riefen auch bei Wallachen stärkere Reaktionen hervor als bei Stuten.
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KOWNACKI M et al,. (1978). Observations of the twenty. Genetica Polonica, 19, 61–77.
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Klingel H,. (1978). Den Wildeseln wird die Wüste zu eng. Sielmanns Tierwelt, 11, 46–51.
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Bertenthal BI, & Fischer KW. (1978). Development of self-recognition in the infant. Dev. Psychol., 14, 44.
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Rau Re,. (1978). Additions to the revised list of preserved material of the extinct Cape colony quagga and notes on the relationship and distribution of southern plains zebras. Ann S Afr Mus, 77, 27–45.
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Hinde, R. A. (1978). Dominance and role—two concepts with dual meanings. J. Soc. Biol. Struct., 1(1), 27–38.
Abstract: ‘Dominance’ and ‘role’ are used in the study of human and animal social structures. It is argued here that each of these concepts is useful in two logically distinct contexts. Dominance may refer to the pattern of imbalance of interactions within a dyadic relationship in so far as that pattern is consistent between dyads, or it may refer to an aspect of group structure, namely the extent to which the individuals can be ranked in terms of who bosses whom. There is no necessary reason why these two concepts of dominance should be related. Within any group the interactions within relationships may or may not show similar patterns of imbalance, and there may or may not be an hierarchy. Role may refer to the determinants of the behaviour of incumbents of certain positions in society, or to the consequences of their behaviour on the structure of the group. Determinants and consequences of the behaviour of incumbents may be related, but are not always so. Thus, to avoid confusion in the use of each of these concepts it is essential to define precisely the manner in which it is being used.
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Klingel H,. (1978). Was wird aus den Grevy- Zebras? Sielmanns Tierwelt, 2, 12–19.
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Curcher Cs, R. M. (1978). Equidae. In: Maglio V H4.J & Cooke H B S (eds). Evolution of African Mammals 379-422, .
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DIRSCHL HJ et al,. (1978). Preliminary results from an aereal census of livestock and wildlife of Kenya s rangelands.
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