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Jarman, P. J.. (1974). The social behaviour of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour, 48(1-4), 213–267.
Abstract: The types of social organisation displayed by the African antelope species have been assigned in this paper to five classes, distinguished largely by the strategies used by the reproductively active males in securing mating rights, and the effects of those strategies on other social castes. The paper attempts to show that these strategies are appropriate to each class because of the effects of other, ecological, aspects of their ways of life. The paper describes different feeding styles among antelope, in terms of selection of food items and coverage of home ranges. It argues that these feeding styles bear a relationship to maximum group size of feeding animals through the influence of dispersion of food items upon group cohesion. The feeding styles also bear a relationship to body size and to habitat choice, both of which influence the antelope species' antipredator behaviour. Thus feeding style is related to anti-predator behaviour which, in many species, influences minimum group size. Group size and the pattern of movement over the annual home range affect the likelihood of females being found in a given place at a given time, and it is this likelihood which, to a large extent, determines the kind of strategy a male must employ to achieve mating rights. The effects of the different strategies employed by males can be seen in such aspects of each species' biology as sexual dimorphism, adult sex ratio, and differential distribution of the sexes.
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Geist, V. (1974). On the Relationship of Social Evolution and Ecology in Ungulates. Amer. Zool., 14(1), 205–220.
Abstract: Much of the social behavior and organization of ungulates can be related to ecological parameters such as fiber content of forage, plant productivity, plant biomass, plant species diversity, productivity gradients, temporal and spatial fluctuations in productivity, habitat stability, food dispersion, three-dimensional structure of habitat, colonization, and predator density and diversity. These ecological variables can be linked via individual natural selection with the species' anti-predator strategies, emphasis on different channels of communication, relative frequency of damaging and non-damaging overt aggression, gregariousness and group structure, juvenile dispersal, home-range traditions, monogamy and polygamy, sexual dimorphism, territoriality, hierarchical rank structure, and plasticity of social structures. The ecological variables have primary manifestations which are behavior or which affect behavior, as well as secondary manifestations affecting behavior. There are logical links between the hypothesis linking ecology and behavior discussed here with some principles from bioenergetics, zoogeography, and paleontology. Although links do exist between ecology and behavior, they nevertheless represent distinct realms of natural selection in which social behavior appears as the more conservative element. The theoretical basis for this is discussed.
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Mrosovsky, N., & Shettleworth, S. J. (1974). Further studies of the sea-finding mechanism in green turtle hatchlings. Behaviour, 51(3-4), 195–208.
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Frerichs Wm, H. (1974). Treatment of equine piroplasmosis with imidocarb dipropionate. Vet Rec, 95, 188–189.
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Collery, L. (1974). Observations of equine animals under farm and feral conditions. Equine Vet J, 6(4), 170–173.
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Bourdin, P., & Laurent, A. (1974). [Ecology of African horsesickness]. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop, 27(2), 163–168.
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Alexander, F., & Collett, R. A. (1974). Proceedings: Some observations on the pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim in the horse. Br J Pharmacol, 52(1), 142p.
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Alexander, F., & Collett, R. A. (1974). Pethidine in the horse. Res Vet Sci, 17(1), 136–137.
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Blakeslee, J. K. (1974). Mother-young relationships and related behavior among free-ranging Appaloosa horses. Master's thesis, , Idaho State University, Pocatello.
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Rowell, T. E. (1974). The concept of social dominance. Behav Biol, 11(2), 131–154.
Abstract: Dominance has been assumed to be a quality of overwhelming social importance but satisfactory definitions and measures have not been devised. As an indication of predictability of outcome of interaction between animals, it can be explained in terms of ordinary learning processes previous to and during a specific relationship. Agonistic interactions are usually determined and often initiated by the subordinate's behavior, and subordinate behavior is correlated with physiological changes, so that a subordination hierarchy is probably a more useful concept than a dominance hierarchy. Hierarchies develop in stressful conditions, especially in captivity where animals with overresponsive adrenal cortices are at a selective disadvantage. In wild groups hierarchies are tenuous or absent and stress-responsive members are probably advantageous to a group. Group defense and leadership roles are not correlated with rank, but policing is characteristic of high-ranking animals in species where it occurs. There is no evidence that formation of a hierarchy reduces aggression--hierarchies are actually associated with high rates of aggression in primate groups. There is no conclusive evidence that high ranking males have greater overall reproductive success, and an alternative hypothesis that adult males are sexually active for a relatively short stage of their lives fits existing data equally well.
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