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Gardner, E. L., & Engel, D. R. (1971). Imitational and social facilitatory aspects of observational learning in the laboratory rat. Psychon. Sci., 25(1), 5–6.
Abstract: Rats acquired a food-motivated leverpressing response by “observational learning” or by trial-and-error learning under conditions of social facilitation or isolation. Both the observational learning and social facilitation Ss learned faster than did the isolated trial-and-error Ss. There was no difference in speed of learning between the observational learning and social facilitation groups. It is suggested that some previous studies purporting to demonstrate observational learning may have demonstrated socially facilitated trial-and-error learning instead.
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Meester J, S. H., & W. Setzer, H. W. (Eds.). (1971). The mammals of Africa (Vol. Part 14). City of Washington: Smithsonian Press.
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Maloiy, G. M., & Boarer, C. D. (1971). Response of the Somali donkey to dehydration: hematological changes. Am J Physiol, 221(1), 37–41.
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Hamilton, W. D. (1971). Geometry for the selfish herd. J. Theor. Biol., 31(2), 295–311.
Abstract: This paper presents an antithesis to the view that gregarious behaviour is evolved through benefits to the population or species. Following Galton (1871) and Williams (1964) gregarious behaviour is considered as a form of cover-seeking in which each animal tries to reduce its chance of being caught by a predator.
It is easy to see how pruning of marginal individuals can maintain centripetal instincts in already gregarious species; some evidence that marginal pruning actually occurs is summarized. Besides this, simply defined models are used to show that even in non-gregarious species selection is likely to favour individuals who stay close to others.
Although not universal or unipotent, cover-seeking is a widespread and important element in animal aggregation, as the literature shows. Neglect of the idea has probably followed from a general disbelief that evolution can be dysgenic for a species. Nevertheless, selection theory provides no support for such disbelief in the case of species with outbreeding or unsubdivided populations.
The model for two dimensions involves a complex problem in geometrical probability which has relevance also in metallurgy and communication science. Some empirical data on this, gathered from random number plots, is presented as of possible heuristic value.
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Bannikov, A. G. (1971). The Asiatic Wild Ass: neglected relative of the horse. Animals, 13, 580–585.
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Archer M,. (1971). Preliminary studies on the palatability of grasses, legumes and herbs to horses. Vet Rec, 89, 236–240.
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BOUISSOU MF et al,. (1971). Intercommunications chez les ongules. J Psychol normale et pathologieque, 3-4, 415.
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SchäFer M,. (1971). Das Sorraiapferd; Anmerkungen zur Problematik des SPEED – EBHARDT'schen Typs III. Säugetierk Mitt, 19, 231–249.
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Blendinger, W. (1971). Psychologie und Verhaltensweise des Pferdes.
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Saayman, G. S. (1971). Behaviour of the adult males in a troop of free-ranging Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). Folia Primatol (Basel), 15(1), 36–57.
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