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Solomatin Ao,. (1964). Kulan, E. hemionus. Vestu ccl. Spol Zool, 28, 178–192.
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Solomatin Ao,. (1964). The reproduction and behaviour by onager. Bull M O va isp Prirodi OTD Biol, 69, 71–82.
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Wackernagel H,. (1964). Die Basler Grant – Zebra – Gruppe. Bull Zool Garten Basel, 12.
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Klingel, H. (1964). Zur Sozialstruktur des Steppenzebras, Equus quagga boehmi Matschie. Die Naturwissenschaften, 51(14), 347.
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Podos, J. (1964). Early perspectives on the evolution of behavior: Charles Otis Whitman and Oskar Heinroth. Ethol Ecol Evol, 6(4), 467–480.
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Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. J. Theor. Biol., 7(1and 2), 1–52.
Abstract: A genetical mathematical model is described which allows for interactions between relatives on one another's fitness. Making use of Wright's Coefficient of Relationship as the measure of the proportion of replica genes in a relative, a quantity is found which incorporates the maximizing property of Darwinian fitness. This quantity is named “inclusive fitness”. Species following the model should tend to evolve behaviour such that each organism appears to be attempting to maximize its inclusive fitness. This implies a limited restraint on selfish competitive behaviour and possibility of limited self-sacrifices.
Special cases of the model are used to show (a) that selection in the social situations newly covered tends to be slower than classical selection, (b) how in populations of rather non-dispersive organisms the model may apply to genes affecting dispersion, and (c) how it may apply approximately to competition between relatives, for example, within sibships. Some artificialities of the model are discussed.
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Goodall J. (1964). Tool-using and aimed throwing in a community of free-living chimpanzees. Nature, 201, 1264.
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Schaller, G. B.:. (1964). The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behaviour. Oryx, 7(05), 253–254.
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