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Rossdale Pd,. (1968). Abnormal perinatal behaviour in the thoroughbred horse. Brit Vet J., 124, 540–553.
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Pickett Bw, V. J. (1975). Abnormalities of mating behaviour in domestic stallions. J Reprod Fert Suppl, 23, 129–134.
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Shaki Sp,. (1983). About the indian Wild ass. Tigerpaper, 10, 13–16.
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Zeitler-Feicht, M. H., Streit, S., & Dempfle, L. (2009). Abrufautomaten für Pferde im Offenlaufstall im Vergleich – Besuchshäufigkeit, Aufenthaltsdauer und Anzahl an Auseinandersetzungen [A comparison of automatic feeding systems for horses in run-out-sheds – frequency of visit, duration of stay and number of conflicts]. In KTBL-Schrift (Vol. 479).
Abstract: In 32 Offenlaufställen mit computergesteuerten Abrufstationen wurden die Aufenthaltsdauer
und Besuchshäufigkeit sowie das Droh- und Meideverhalten von 439 Pferden im
Füttererungsbereich erfasst. Je Betrieb erfolgten visuelle kontinuierliche Direktbeobachtungen
nach dem Tortenstückverfahren (6 x 4 Stunden) für je einen 24-Stunden-Tag.
Ziel war die Überprüfung der verschiedenen Bauausführungen der Abrufstationen unter
dem Aspekt der Tiergerechtheit. Eine Einwegstation reduzierte signifikant die Anzahl an Auseinandersetzungen
im Fütterungsbereich. Demgegenüber führten die für das fressende Pferd
tiergerechten Varianten (Fressstand mit Eingangssperre und ohne Austreibehilfe) zu einer
Erhöhung der Besuchshäufigkeit und Aufenthaltsdauer und somit auch zu einer erhöhten
Anzahl an Drohgesten. Doch insgesamt betrachtet, kann die Anzahl an sozionegativen
Interaktionen im Fütterungsbereich der Abrufstationen als relativ gering eingestuft werden.
Da sich außerdem der Betrieb (Management, Fläche, Konzeption) als maßgeblicher Einflussfaktor
auf die überprüften Parameter erwies, dürften die Unterschiede in der Bauausführung
der derzeitigen Abrufstationen für Pferde eher von untergeordneter Bedeutung sein.
[Duration of stay, frequency of visit, threatening gestures and behaviour of avoidance of
439 horses was observed at the feeding area of 32 run-out-sheds. The observation was based
on the method of visual continuously direct watching after the pie chart system (6 x 4 hours)
over a period of 24 hours. The observation should show which construction of the different
automatic feeding systems corresponded best under the aspect of animal welfare.
It was obvious that the one-way-station reduced significantly the number of conflicts
in the feeding area, whereas those systems which are appropriate for the eating horses
(feeding station with access barrier and without stimulation device by electric shock) led
to a higher frequency of visits and duration of stay as well as to more threatening gestures.
Considering altogether, the number of negative interactions in the feeding area of the feeding
systems can be classified as comparatively unimportant. As it showed that the stable
(management, stable area, conception) was of important influence on the surveyed parameters,
the differences between the constructions of feeding stations for horses of present
systems are probably of less meaning.]
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Kirkpatrick, J. F., & Turner, A. (2003). Absence of effects from immunocontraception on seasonal birth patterns and foal survival among barrier island wild horses. J Appl Anim Welf Sci, 6(4), 301–308.
Abstract: Despite a large body of safety data, concern exists that porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) immunocontraception--used to manage wild horse populations--may cause out-of-season births with resulting foal mortality. Our study at Assateague, Maryland indicated the effects of immunocontraception on season of birth and foal survival between 1990 and 2002 on wild horses from Assateague Island. Among 91 mares never treated, 69 (75.8%) of foals were born in April, May, and June (in season). Among 77 treated mares, 50 (64.9%) were born in season. Of 29 mares foaling within 1 year after treatment (contraceptive failures), 20 (68.9%) were born in season. Of 48 mares treated for greater than 2 years then withdrawn from treatment, 30 (62.5%) of 48 foals were born in season. There were no significant differences (p <.05) between either treatment group or untreated mares. Survival did not differ significantly among foals born in or out of season or among foals born to treated or untreated mares. Data indicate a lack of effect of PZP contraception on season of birth or foal survival on barrier island habitats.
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Whishaw, I. Q. (2015). Absence of population asymmetry in the American Quarter Horse (Equus ferus caballus) performing skilled left and right manoeuvres in reining competition. Laterality, 20(5), 604–617.
Abstract: Use of the right hand by humans for speech-related hand gestures, writing and throwing exemplifies motoric asymmetry. There are reports of asymmetry in many other animal species, including reports of left preference in emotional responsivity, spontaneous behaviour and the trained performance of the horse, Equus ferus caballus. The present study used the novel approach of using judges' scores to examine asymmetry in an equestrian event. The study analysed the scores of five judges evaluating the reining performance of 482, three-year-old American Quarter Horses competing in a major competition. Reining requires that the horses perform the manoeuvres of spin, circle and stop directed to either the left or right and symmetrical performance is featured in the judging criteria. The scores were sensitive to performance level, sex and manoeuvre, but there was no evidence of a population asymmetry in the left vs. right direction of the manoeuvres. The results are discussed in relation to need of using a large number of subjects in measuring asymmetry, the expression of individual vs. population asymmetry as a function of morphological and behavioural measures, and the influence of behavioural training on asymmetry.
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Lundholm B,. (). Abstammung und Domestikation des Hauspferdes. Zool Bidrag Uppsala, 27, 1–287.
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OTT EA et al,. (1979). Acceptability of dried citrus pulp by horses. J Animal Sci, 49, 983–987.
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McGee, S., & Smith, H. V. (2004). Accompanying pre-weaned Thoroughbred (Equus caballus) foals while separated from the mare during covering reduces behavioural signs of distress exhibited. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 88(1-2), 137–147.
Abstract: Some Thoroughbred stallion farms separate the mare from the foal during breeding, leaving the foal alone in its stall. Such separation often leads to distress in the foal, as evidenced by behavioural indicators such as vocalisations, pacing or moving about, pawing and striking the body against solid objects. This study examined whether the foal's distress is reduced if a handler accompanies it during the period of separation. A total of 57 foals on an Irish stud farm were observed: 27 foals were accompanied during separation and 30 were left in isolation but discretely observed from outside the stall. On average, unaccompanied foals vocalised at significantly (P<0.001) shorter intervals (14.8 s versus 26.8 s), and spent significantly (P<0.05) more time pawing (29.6 s versus 6.8 s) than accompanied ones. In addition, 17 of the unaccompanied foals hurled themselves against a solid object on at least one occasion, while not one of the accompanied foals did this (P<0.001). Age, gender and number of times the foal had been previously separated from the mare while she was being teased or covered were not significantly related to any of the behavioural indicators of distress. Overall, the data provide clear evidence that accompanying a foal reduces the distress that it exhibits when separated from the mare. This procedure has obvious welfare benefits in the short term, in that the foal both experiences less distress and has a reduced likelihood of injuring itself, and it may have longer-term benefits by reducing the chance of the animal later developing a locomotory stereotypical behaviour.
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Bateson, M., & Kacelnik, A. (1995). Accuracy of memory for amount in the foraging starling,Sturnus vulgaris. Anim. Behav., 50(2), 431–443.
Abstract: Attempts to include psychological constraints in models of foraging behaviour differ in their assumptions concerning the accuracy of estimation of environmental parameters. Psychologists model estimation error as increasing linearly with the magnitude of a stimulus (Weber's Law), whereas behavioural ecologists either ignore error or assume it to be independent of stimulus magnitude. Studies on the estimation of time intervals have confirmed Weber's Law, but there are few data on the accuracy of estimation of amounts of food. Since the currency of most foraging models is the amount of food acquired per unit of time spent foraging, information on estimation of amount is required. Here, a titration method was used in which starlings chose between two cues. One colour signalled a standard food reward, and the other a reward that adjusted in magnitude according to the birds' choices: it increased when the standard was preferred and decreased when the adjusting option was preferred. There were two standards of 3 and 9 units of food, each of which was delivered at two rates to control for possible effects of rate of reinforcement on discrimination. The observed value of the adjusting option oscillated around a mean value slightly larger than that of the standard. The amplitude and period of these oscillations were larger when the standard was larger, independent of the rate of reinforcement. Also, molecular analysis showed that the probability of choosing the currently larger alternative increased as the relative difference between the adjusting option and standard increased. These results are consistent with Weber's Law applying to starlings' memories for amounts of food.
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