Zharkikh, T. L., & Andersen, L. (2009). Behaviour of Bachelor Males of the Przewalski Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) at the Reserve Askania Nova. Zoologische Garten, 78(5-6), 282–299.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate social relationships between Przewalski horses at a high density in a bachelor group housed in a 3.5-ha enclosure. The group consisted of 16 males aged 5 to 16. Behavioural data were collected during 18 days, total 216 h. Fifteen minute focal animal sampling was used; each horse was observed three times a day for a total of 45 min. The occurrence of 25 behaviours was recorded, and group spacing behaviour was studied using nearest neighbour recordings. The group divided into four subgroups; this supports earlier findings of bachelor groups (n>=10) dividing into two or more subgroups if they included several males aged >5 years. The total frequency of social interactions was 14.6±1.1 h-1. Although the density of the group in this study was higher than in other zoos, the males interacted agonistically only 3.6 h-1. The most frequently observed social behaviour categories were friendly interactions. This study shows possibilities to use some investigative behaviours (marking, flehmen, olfactory investigation, etc.) as indicators of social status of animals in a group.
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Zenzinger, S. (2010). Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur optischen Kommunikation bei im Zoo gehaltenen Schabracken- und Flachlandtapiren (Tapirus indicus und Tapirus terrestris). Der Zoologische Garten, 79(4-5), 162–174.
Abstract: Until now, unlike their relatives, rhinos and horses tapirs have received considerably less attention in studies about communication. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to test which stimuli contain optical information for tapirs. For this purpose, the reactions of tapirs on optical stimuli (posters with edited tapir silhouettes) were examined. Research visits took place at the zoos of Berlin, Dortmund, Heidelberg, Munich, Nuremberg and Osnabrück during the year 2006. A total of 23 individuals, thereof 8 (5.3) Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) and 15 (5.10) Lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) attended the experiment. The results of the optical test with variously intense edited tapir silhouettes speak for the importance of the white ear rims as a family specific key stimulus. But that effect could not be amplified by adding a greater extent of white to the silhouette. Tapirs of both species reacted most strongly to the normal tapir silhouette followed by a silhouette without proboscis.
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ALEXANDER, F. (1963). Digestion in the horse. Zool. Garten., , 259–268.
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Antonius, O. (1928). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn, I. Der syrische Halbesel. Zool. Garten., 1, 19–25.
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Antonius, O. (1928). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. II. Die Mongolischen Wildpferde. Zool. Garten., , . 87–98.
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Antonius, O. (1928). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. III. Über Zebras, insbesondere das Burchellzebra. Zool. Garten., , , 165–182.
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Antonius O,. (1928). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. IV. Afrikanische Esel. Zool. Garten., , 289–296.
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Antonius O,. (1930). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn, V. Bergzebras, Grevyzebras und Zebroide. Zool. Garten., 2, 261–274.
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Antonius O,. (1931). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. VI Ein interessantes Ponyfohlen. Zool. Garten., , 158–159.
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Antonius O,. (1931). Zur genaueren Kenntnis des echten Quaggas. Zool. Garten., 4, 93–115.
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