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Schulte, N., & Klingel, H. (1991). Herd Structure, Leadership, Dominance and Site Attachment of the Camel, Camelus Dromedarius. Behaviour, 118(1-2), 103–114.
Abstract: Social structure and relationships in a herd of captive camels were studied in Kenya. During day and night the herd split up irrespective of kinship. Partner preferences existed only in those camels who had previously been kept in a small group separated from the herd. Dominance relationships are anonymous with four levels: a) dominant breeding bulls, b) females and bachelors, c) subadults, and d) calves. No stable leadership was observed, but individual preferences in the walking order existed when the camels left and entered the enclosure. During the night most camels showed an amazing attachment to a particular resting site; in a new boma they used corresponding sites. During moon nights activity was greatly increased.
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Klingel, H. (1998). Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus). Appl Anim Behav Sci, 60(2), 103–113.
Abstract: 1This paper appears with kind permission of Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. It was originally published in Z. Tierpsychol., 44, 323-331 (1977), ISSN 0044-3573/ASTM-Coden: ZETIAG.1
Abstract
African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) live in unstable groups or herds of variable composition. Some of the adult stallions are territorial in large territories in which they tolerate other ♂♂. The territorial ♂♂ are dominant over all their conspecifics
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Klingel, H. (1964). Zur Sozialstruktur des Steppenzebras, Equus quagga boehmi Matschie. Die Naturwissenschaften, 51(14), 347.
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Klingel, H. (1991). Dix ans parmi les zèbres. Terre Sauvage, 48, 34–43.
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Klingel, H. (1982). Social organization of feral horses. J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 32, 89–95.
Abstract: The basic social unit in feral horses is the family group consisting of one stallion, one to a few unrelated mares and their foals. Surplus stallions associate in bachelor groups. Stallions are instrumental in bringing mares together in a unit which then persists even without a stallion. The similarity of social organization in populations living in a variety of different habitats indicates that feral horses have reverted to the habits of their wild ancestors, and that domestication has had no influence on this basic behavioural feature.
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Klingel, H. (1968). Sozial Organisation und Verhaltensweisen von Hartmann- und Bergzebras (Equus zebra hartmannae und E. z. zebra). Z. Tierpsychol., 25, 76–88.
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Klingel, H. (1967). Soziale Organisation und Verhalten freilebender Steppenzebras (Equus quagga). Z. Tierpsychol., 24(5), 580–624.
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Klingel, H. (1991). Tausend Zebras im Computer. Das Tier, 10, 8–16.
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Klingel, H. (). Das Verhalten der Pferde (Equidae). Handb. o. Zool., 8(10), 1–68.
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Klingel, H. (1989). Odd-toed Ungulates, Horses. In B. Grzimek (Ed.), Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals (Vol. 4, 550+pp. 557–594). McGraw Hill.
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