McGreevy, P. D., & Nicol, C. J. (1998). Prevention of crib-biting: a review. Equine Vet J Suppl, (27), 35–38.
Abstract: Crib-biting is a common oral stereotype. Because of perceived deleterious effects on the health and appearance of subjects the prevention of crib-biting is regularly attempted. The resourcefulness of horses in satisfying their motivation to perform this behaviour often frustrates owners' efforts at prevention. This paper reviews the efficacy and observable consequences of attempting to prevent crib-biting by a variety of methods. These include attempts to prevent the grasping of objects, to interfere with air-engulfing and to introduce punishment for grasping and neck-flexion. Other approaches include the use of surgery, acupuncture, pharmaceuticals, operant feeding and environmental enrichment. A remedy that is effective for every crib-biter remains elusive. We conclude that, rather than concentrating on remedial prevention, further research should be directed at establishing why horses crib-bite and how the emergence of crib-biting can be avoided.
|
McGreevy, P. D., & Nicol, C. J. (1998). The effect of short-term prevention on the subsequent rate of crib-biting in thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J Suppl, (27), 30–34.
Abstract: The results of an experimental study of the motivational consequences of short-term prevention of crib-biting are reported here. Eight test horses wore a cribbing collar for 24 h. This was effective in preventing crib-biting in 6 subjects. Using analysis of co-variance that accounted for baseline differences in crib-biting rate, test horses showed significantly more crib-biting than control horses on the first day after prevention (P < 0.05). There was also a highly significant increase in the crib-biting rate of test horses on the first day after prevention in comparison with their baseline rate (P < 0.01). This defines the increase as a post inhibitory rebound. An increase in the novelty of the cribbing bar and an increase in feeding motivation during the period of prevention are rejected as explanations of the rebound in this study. Instead, it is suggested that the rebound reflected a rise in internal motivation to crib-bite during the period of prevention. Behaviours that exhibit this pattern of motivation are generally considered functional; and it has been argued that their prevention may compromise welfare.
|
Trim, C. M., Moore, J. N., & Clark, E. S. (1989). Renal effects of dopamine infusion in conscious horses. Equine Vet J Suppl, (7), 124–128.
Abstract: An ultrasonic flow probe was implanted around a branch of the left renal artery in five horses. The effects of dopamine were studied in the unsedated horses 10 days after surgery. Three experiments, separated by at least two days, were performed in random order on each horse. In two experiments, dopamine was infused intravenously for 60 mins at either 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt)/min. Saline was infused for 60 mins before and after each infusion, and for 180 mins in the third experiment as a control. Renal blood flow increased during administration of dopamine at both dose rates (P = 0.0001). Urine volume increased (P = 0.055), and osmolality decreased (P < 0.05), with infusion of dopamine at 5.0 micrograms/kg bwt/min. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly affected. Fractional excretions of sodium and potassium were not significantly changed with dopamine infusion. The higher dopamine dose rate was accompanied by dysrhythmias in some horses.
|
|
Duncan P, C. P. (1980). An unusual choice of habitat helps Camargue horses to avoid blood-sucking horse-flies. Biol Behav, 5, 55–60.
|
|
Eisenmann V, G. D. C. (1974). Caractères distinctifs des premières phalanges antérieures et postérieures chez certains équidés actuels et fossiles. Bull Soc g?ol France, 16, 352–361.
|
|
Eisenmann V, G. D. C. (1974). Caractères distinctifs entre vrais zèbres et zèbres de Chapman d`après l`étude de 60 têtes osseuses. Mammalia, 38, 509–543.
|
|
Eisenmann V, G. C. (1984). Morphologie fonctionelle et environnement chez les périssodactyles. Geobios, Mém sp, 8, 69.
|
|
Eisenmann V, T. J. - C. (1978). Sur la taxinomie du genre Equus. Cahiers Analyse Données, 3, 179–201.
|
|
Haughton Sh, C. B. (1931). The fossil Equidae of south Africa. Ann South Afr Mus, 28, 407–427.
|
|
Hoyt Df, T. C. (1981). Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses. Nature, 292, 239–240.
|
