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Author Baragli, P.; Scopa, C.; Maglieri, V.; Palagi, E. url  doi
openurl 
  Title If horses had toes: demonstrating mirror self recognition at group level in Equus caballus Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
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  Abstract Mirror self-recognition (MSR), investigated in primates and recently in non-primate species, is considered a measure of self-awareness. Nowadays, the only reliable test for investigating MSR potential skills consists in the untrained response to a visual body mark detected using a reflective surface. Here, we report the first evidence of MSR at group level in horses, by facing the weaknesses of methodology present in a previous pilot study. Fourteen horses were used in a 4-phases mirror test (covered mirror, open mirror, invisible mark, visible colored mark). After engaging in a series of contingency behaviors (looking behind the mirror, peek-a-boo, head and tongue movements), our horses used the mirror surface to guide their movements towards their colored cheeks, thus showing that they can recognize themselves in a mirror. The analysis at the group level, which 'marks' a turning point in the analytical technique of MSR exploration in non-primate species, showed that horses spent a longer time in scratching their faces when marked with the visible mark compared to the non-visible mark. This finding indicates that horses did not see the non-visible mark and that they did not touch their own face guided by the tactile sensation, suggesting the presence of MSR in horses. Although a heated debate on the binary versus gradualist model in the MSR interpretation exists, recent empirical pieces of evidence, including ours, indicate that MSR is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon that appeared once in phylogeny and that a convergent evolution mechanism can be at the basis of its presence in phylogenetically distant taxa.  
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  ISSN 1435-9456 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Baragli2021 Serial 6631  
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Author Jarausch, A.; Harms, V.; Kluth, G.; Reinhardt, I.; Nowak, C. url  doi
openurl 
  Title How the west was won: genetic reconstruction of rapid wolf recolonization into Germany's anthropogenic landscapes Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Heredity Abbreviated Journal Heredity  
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  Abstract Following massive persecution and eradication, strict legal protection facilitated a successful reestablishment of wolf packs in Germany, which has been ongoing since 2000. Here, we describe this recolonization process by mitochondrial DNA control-region sequencing, microsatellite genotyping and sex identification based on 1341 mostly non-invasively collected samples. We reconstructed the genealogy of German wolf packs between 2005 and 2015 to provide information on trends in genetic diversity, dispersal patterns and pack dynamics during the early expansion process. Our results indicate signs of a founder effect at the start of the recolonization. Genetic diversity in German wolves is moderate compared to other European wolf populations. Although dispersal among packs is male-biased in the sense that females are more philopatric, dispersal distances are similar between males and females once only dispersers are accounted for. Breeding with close relatives is regular and none of the six male wolves originating from the Italian/Alpine population reproduced. However, moderate genetic diversity and inbreeding levels of the recolonizing population are preserved by high sociality, dispersal among packs and several immigration events. Our results demonstrate an ongoing, rapid and natural wolf population expansion in an intensively used cultural landscape in Central Europe.  
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  ISSN 1365-2540 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Jarausch2021 Serial 6638  
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Author Boyce, P.N.; McLoughlin, P.D. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Ecological Interactions Involving Feral Horses and Predators: Review with Implications for Biodiversity Conservation Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication The Journal of Wildlife Management Abbreviated Journal Jour. Wild. Mgmt.  
  Volume n/a Issue n/a Pages (down)  
  Keywords apparent competition; artificial selection; community ecology; conservation; feral horse (Equus ferus caballus); life history; predator-prey dynamics  
  Abstract ABSTRACT For many ecosystems, feral horses are increasingly becoming an important if not dominant component of ungulate biomass and hence influence on community dynamics. Yet we still know little of how horses contribute to key ecological interactions including predator-prey and indirect competitive relationships at a community level. Notably, feral species like horses can exhibit life-history traits that differ from that of native (mainly artiodactyl) herbivore competitors. Artificial selection for traits like increased, early, or extended reproduction that have yet to be reversed by natural selection, coupled with naturally selected differences in anatomy and behavior, in addition to unique management objectives for horses compared to other species, means that the dynamics of feral horse populations are not likely to align with what might be expected of other large herbivores. Unexpected population dynamics and inherent biological asymmetries between native ungulates and feral horses may therefore influence the former via direct competition for shared resources and through enemy-mediated interactions like apparent competition. In several localities feral horses now co-exist with multiple native prey species, some of which are in decline or are species at risk. Compounding risks to native species from direct or indirect competitive exclusion by horses is the unique nature and socio-political context of feral horse management, which tends towards allowing horse populations to be limited largely by natural, density-dependent factors. We summarize the inherent asymmetries between feral horse biology and that of other ungulate prey species with consequences for conservation, focusing on predator-prey and emerging indirect interactions in multi-prey systems, and highlight future directions to address key knowledge gaps in our understanding of how feral horses may now be contributing to the (re)structuring of food webs. Observations of patterns of rapid growth and decline, and associated skews in sex ratios of feral horse populations, indicate a heightened potential for indirect interactions among large ungulate prey species, where there is a prevalence of feral horses as preferred prey, particularly where native prey are declining. In places like western North America, we expect predator-prey interactions involving feral horses to become an increasingly important factor in the conservation of wildlife. This applies not only to economically or culturally important game species but also at-risk species, both predators (e.g., wolves [Canis lupus], grizzly bears [Ursus arctos]) and prey (e.g., woodland caribou [Rangifer tarandus caribou]), necessitating an ecological understanding of the role of horses in natural environments that goes beyond that of population control. ? 2021 The Wildlife Society.  
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  Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0022-541x ISBN Medium  
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  Notes https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21995 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6642  
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Author Gadhöfer, R.; Krüger, K.; Zanger, M. isbn  openurl
  Title Der Bockhuf – Entstehung, Verlauf und Therapie Type Book Whole
  Year 2021 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Xenophon Verlag Place of Publication Wald Editor  
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  ISSN ISBN 13: 978-3956250125 Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6652  
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Author Gadhöfer, R.; Krüger, K.; Zanger, M. isbn  openurl
  Title Der Bockhuf – Entstehung, Verlauf und Therapie Type Book Whole
  Year 2021 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Xenophon Verlag Place of Publication Wald Editor  
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  ISSN ISBN 978-3956250125 Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6656  
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Author Solmsen, E. - H.; Bathen, M.; Grüntjens, T.; Hempel, E.; Klose, M.; Krüger, K.; Martin, H.; Meyer, A.; Schütte, P.; Vogel, L.; Wiezorek, S.; Wittor, B. openurl 
  Title Protecting horses against wolves in Germany. Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Carnivore Damage Prevention News Abbreviated Journal CDPNews  
  Volume 23 Issue Pages (down)  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6682  
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