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Author |
Mejdell, C.M.; Buvik, T.; Jørgensen, G.H.M.; Bøe, K.E. |
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Title |
Horses can learn to use symbols to communicate their preferences |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
184 |
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66-73 |
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Keywords |
Operant conditioning; Blanket; Rug; Thermoregulation; Cognition; Clicker training |
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Abstract |
This paper describes a method in which horses learn to communicate by touching different neutral visual symbols, in order to tell the handler whether they want to have a blanket on or not. Horses were trained for 10-15min per day, following a training program comprising ten steps in a strategic order. Reward based operant conditioning was used to teach horses to approach and touch a board, and to understand the meaning of three different symbols. Heat and cold challenges were performed to help learning and to check level of understanding. At certain stages, a learning criterion of correct responses for 8-14 successive trials had to be achieved before proceeding. After introducing the free choice situation, on average at training day 11, the horse could choose between a “no change” symbol and the symbol for either “blanket on” or “blanket off” depending on whether the horse already wore a blanket or not. A cut off point for performance or non-performance was set to day 14, and 23/23 horses successfully learned the task within this limit. Horses of warm-blood type needed fewer training days to reach criterion than cold-bloods (P<0.05). Horses were then tested under differing weather conditions. Results show that choices made, i.e. the symbol touched, was not random but dependent on weather. Horses chose to stay without a blanket in nice weather, and they chose to have a blanket on when the weather was wet, windy and cold (χ2=36.67, P<0.005). This indicates that horses both had an understanding of the consequence of their choice on own thermal comfort, and that they successfully had learned to communicate their preference by using the symbols. The method represents a novel tool for studying preferences in horses. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6651 |
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Author |
Capitani, C.; Chynoweth, M.; Kusak, J.; Çoban, E.; Sekercioglu, Ç.H. |
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Title |
Wolf diet in an agricultural landscape of north-eastern Turkey |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Mammalia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mammalia |
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80 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
329-334 |
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Mammalia |
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80 |
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3 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6687 |
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Mori, E.; Benatti, L.; Lovari, S.; Ferretti, F. |
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Title |
What does the wild boar mean to the wolf? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
European Journal of Wildlife Research |
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63 |
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1 |
Pages |
9 |
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Generalist predators are expected to shape their diets according to the local availability of prey species. In turn, the extent of consumption of a prey would be influenced by the number of alternative prey species. We have tested this prediction by considering the wild boar and the grey wolf: two widespread species whose distribution ranges overlap largely in Southern Europe, e.g. in Italy. We have reviewed 16 studies from a total of 21 study areas, to assess whether the absolute frequency of occurrence of wild boar in the wolf diet was influenced by (i) occurrence of the other ungulate species in diet and (ii) the number of available ungulate species. Wild boar turned out to be the main prey of the wolf (49% occurrence, on average), followed by roe deer (24%) and livestock (18%). Occurrence of wild boar in the wolf diet decreased with increasing usage of roe deer, livestock, and to a lower extent, chamois and red deer. The number of prey species did not influence the occurrence of wild boar in the wolf diet. The wild boar is a gregarious, noisy and often locally abundant ungulate, thus easily detectable, to a predator. In turn, the extent of predation on this ungulate may not be influenced so much by the availability of other potential prey. Heavy artificial reductions of wild boar numbers, e.g. through numerical control, may concentrate predation by wolves on alternative prey (e.g. roe deer) and/or livestock, thus increasing conflicts with human activities. |
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1439-0574 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Mori2016 |
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6689 |
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Tebbich Sabine; Griffin Andrea S.; Peschl Markus F.; Sterelny Kim |
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Title |
From mechanisms to function: an integrated framework of animal innovation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
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371 |
Issue |
1690 |
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20150195 |
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Animal innovations range from the discovery of novel food types to the invention of completely novel behaviours. Innovations can give access to new opportunities, and thus enable innovating agents to invade and create novel niches. This in turn can pave the way for morphological adaptation and adaptive radiation. The mechanisms that make innovations possible are probably as diverse as the innovations themselves. So too are their evolutionary consequences. Perhaps because of this diversity, we lack a unifying framework that links mechanism to function. We propose a framework for animal innovation that describes the interactions between mechanism, fitness benefit and evolutionary significance, and which suggests an expanded range of experimental approaches. In doing so, we split innovation into factors (components and phases) that can be manipulated systematically, and which can be investigated both experimentally and with correlational studies. We apply this framework to a selection of cases, showing how it helps us ask more precise questions and design more revealing experiments. |
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Royal Society |
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doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0195 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6557 |
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Author |
Schino, G.; Aureli, F. |
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Title |
Reciprocity in group-living animals: partner control versus partner choice |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
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Biological Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Rev |
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92 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
665-672 |
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Keywords |
cooperation; reciprocity; partner control; partner choice; proximate mechanisms |
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ABSTRACT Reciprocity is probably the most debated of the evolutionary explanations for cooperation. Part of the confusion surrounding this debate stems from a failure to note that two different processes can result in reciprocity: partner control and partner choice. We suggest that the common observation that group-living animals direct their cooperative behaviours preferentially to those individuals from which they receive most cooperation is to be interpreted as the result of the sum of the two separate processes of partner control and partner choice. We review evidence that partner choice is the prevalent process in primates and propose explanations for this pattern. We make predictions that highlight the need for studies that separate the effects of partner control and partner choice in a broader variety of group-living taxa. |
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Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111) |
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1464-7931 |
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doi: 10.1111/brv.12248 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6411 |
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Author |
Gleerup, K.B.; Lindegaard, C. |
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Title |
Recognition and quantification of pain in horses: A tutorial review |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Education |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet Educ |
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28 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
47-57 |
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Keywords |
horse; pain evaluation; pain scale; pain behaviour; pain face |
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Summary Pain management is dependent on the quality of the pain evaluation. Ideally, pain evaluation is objective, pain-specific and easily incorporated into a busy equine clinic. This paper reviews the existing knowledge base regarding the identification and quantification of pain in horses. Behavioural indicators of pain in horses in the context of normal equine behaviour, as well as various physiological parameters potentially useful for pain evaluation, are discussed. Areas where knowledge is sparse are identified and a new equine pain scale based on results from all reviewed papers is proposed. Finally, the most important considerations in relation to the implementation of a pain scale in a hospital setting are discussed. |
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American Medical Association (AMA) |
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0957-7734 |
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https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12383 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6705 |
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