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Kruska, D.C.T. |
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Title |
Comparative quantitative investigations on brains of wild cavies (Cavia aperea) and guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus). A contribution to size changes of CNS structures due to domestication |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication  |
Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mamm Biol |
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79 |
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4 |
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230-239 |
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Keywords |
Domestication; Allometry; Brain structure volumes; Brain-behavior correlation |
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Abstract |
Intraspecific allometric calculations of the brain to body size relation revealed distinct differences between 127 (67; 60) ancestral wild cavies and 82 (37; 45) guinea pigs, their domesticated relatives. The dependency of both measures from one another remained the same in both animal groups but the brains of guinea pigs were by 14.22% smaller at any net body weight. Consistent with results in other species the domestication of Cavia aperea is also characterized by a decrease of brain size. Fresh tissue sizes of the five brain parts medulla oblongata, cerebellum, mesencephalon, diencephalon and telencephalon were determined for 6 cavies and 6 guinea pigs by the serial section method. Additionally the sizes of 16 endbrain structures and those of the optic tract, the lateral geniculate body and the cochlear nucleus were measured. Different decrease values resulted for all these structures concomitant with domestication as was calculated from the amount of total brain size decrease and average relative structure values in the wild as well as the domesticated brain. The size decrease of the entire telencephalon (-13.7%) was within the range of the mean overall reduction as similarly was the case for the total neocortex (-10.7%) whereas the total allocortex (-20.9%) clearly was more strongly affected. The size decrease of the olfactory bulb (-41.9%) was extreme and clearly higher than found for the secondary olfactory structures (around -11%). The primary nuclei of other sensory systems (vision, audition) were decreased to less extent (lateral geniculate: -18.1%; cochlear nucleus: -12.6%). Mass decreases of pure white matter parts were nearly twice as high in contrast to associated grey matter parts (neocortex white versus grey matter; tractus opticus versus lateral geniculate body). The relatively great decrease values found for the limbic structures hippocampus (-26.9%) and schizocortex (-25.9%) are especially notable since they are in good conformity with domestication effects in other mammalian species. The findings of this study are discussed with regard to results of similar investigations on wild and domesticated gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), the encephalization of the wild form, the special and species-specific mode and duration of domestication and in connection with certain behavioral changes as resulted from comparative investigations in ethology, socio-biology, endocrinology and general physiology. |
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1616-5047 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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6401 |
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Author |
Krueger, K.; Koenig von Borstel, U. |
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Title |
Grundlagen der Sinneswahrnehmung von Pferden |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Pferde verstehen – Umgang und Bodenarbeit |
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38 - 54 |
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FN Verlag der deutschen Reiterlichen Vereinigung GmbH |
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Warendorf |
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Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e.V. |
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978-3-88542-793-3 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5942 |
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Author |
Krueger, K.; Koenig von Borstel, U. |
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Title |
Wie Pferde lernen |
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Book Chapter |
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2014 |
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Pferde verstehen – Umgang und Bodenarbeit |
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56-82 |
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FN Verlag der deutschen Reiterlichen Vereinigung GmbH |
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Warendorf |
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Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung e.V. |
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978-3-88542-793-3 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5943 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Die Bedeutung der Schiefe, Händigkeit und sensorische Lateralität der Pferde |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
Pferdetage Baden-Württemberg 2014 |
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Matthaes Medien |
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Stuttgart |
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978-3-938053-11-9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5952 |
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Author |
Wolter, R.; Pantel, N.; Möstl, E.; Küger, K. |
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Title |
Das Verhalten von Przewalski Pferden in Semi-Reservaten |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
Pferdetage Baden-Württemberg 2014 |
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Matthaes Medien |
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Stuttgart |
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978-3-938053-11-9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5953 |
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Author |
Lerbs, S.; Raue, T.; Krüger, K. |
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Title |
Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen natürlicher Schiefe und motorischer und sensorischer Einseitigkeit der Fohlen (Equus caballus)? |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Pferdetage Baden-Württemberg 2014 |
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Matthaes Medien |
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Stuttgart |
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978-3-938053-11-9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5954 |
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Author |
Wolter, R.; Pantel, N.; Stefanski, V.; Möstl, E.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
The role of an alpha animal in changing environmental conditions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Physiology & Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
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133 |
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236-243 |
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Keywords |
Alpha male; Horse; Equus ferus przewalskii; Bachelor group; Group structure |
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Abstract The maintenance and development of conservation areas by grazing of large herbivores, such as Przewalski's horses, is common practice. Several nature conservation areas house male bachelor groups of this species. When males are needed for breeding they are removed from the groups, often without considering group compositions and individual social positions. However, alpha animals are needed for ensuring group stability and decision making in potentially dangerous situations in several species. To investigate the role of the alpha male in a bachelor group, we observed the behaviour of five Przewalski's horse males during the enlargement of their enclosure. We analyzed the group's social structure and movement orders, as well as the animals' connectedness, activity budgets, and whether they moved with preferred group members and how factors such as social rank influenced the horses' behaviour. We also investigated the excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites (GCM) via faeces of the horses while exploring a new area as a parameter of glucocorticoid production. Our results show that the alpha male is important for a bachelor group in changing environmental conditions. The alpha male had the highest level of connectedness within the group. When exploring the new environment, its position in the group changed from previously being the last to being the first. Furthermore the whole group behaviour changed when exploring the new area. The stallions showed reduced resting behavior, increased feeding and did not stay close to each other. We found that the excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites of most horses rose only marginally during the first days on the new area while only the alpha male showed a significant increased amount of glucocorticoid production during the first day of the enclosure enlargement. |
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0031-9384 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5818 |
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Author |
Christensen, J.W.; Beekmans, M.; van Dalum, M.; VanDierendonck, M. |
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Title |
Effects of hyperflexion on acute stress responses in ridden dressage horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Physiology & Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
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128 |
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39-45 |
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Keywords |
Behaviour; Dressage; Horse; Hyperflexion; Rein tension; Stress |
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The effects of hyperflexion on the welfare of dressage horses have been debated. This study aimed to investigate acute stress responses of dressage horses ridden in three different Head-and-Neck-positions (HNPs). Fifteen dressage horses were ridden by their usual rider in a standardised 10-min dressage programme in either the competition frame (CF), hyperflexion (“Low-Deep-and-Round”; LDR) or a looser frame (LF) in a balanced order on three separate test days. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability parameters (HRV), behaviour and rein tension were recorded during the test. Salivary cortisol concentrations were measured 60min before and 0, 5, 15 and 30min after the test. Rein tension was significantly lower in LF and did not differ between CF and LDR; however approx. 15% of recordings in CF and LDR were above the sensor detection limit of 5kg. The horses had significantly higher cortisol concentrations directly after LDR compared to LF. In addition, the horses showed more distinctive head movements, including head waving, during LDR. There were no significant treatment effects on HR and HRV. In conclusion, the results indicate that LDR may be more stressful to these horses during riding. |
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0031-9384 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6507 |
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Author |
Li, J.; Zhou, X. |
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Title |
Sex, Attractiveness, and Third-Party Punishment in Fairness Consideration |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
PLoS ONE |
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PLoS ONE |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
e94004 EP - |
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<p>Social evaluation of others is often influenced by the physical attractiveness of the person being judged, leading to either a beauty premium or penalty depending on the circumstances. Here we asked Chinese participants to act as an interest-free third party in a dictator game and to evaluate the fairness level of monetary allocation by attractive and less attractive proposers of the same or opposite sex. We also instructed participants to express their willingness to punish the proposers by using a visual analogue scale. Results confirmed that the reasonableness evaluation was mainly affected by the reasonableness of offers. However, participants' intention to punish the proposers was affected by the level of reasonableness in the asset distribution and by both the sex and attractiveness of the proposers. Overall, male proposers were punished more severely than female proposers. Moreover, the same-sex proposers were punished more severely than opposite-sex proposers when they were physically attractive; this pattern was reversed when the proposers were less physically attractive. These results demonstrate social responses following an individual's unfair asset distribution can be affected by both social norms and the personal characteristics of the individual.</p> |
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Public Library of Science |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5808 |
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Author |
Dalla Costa, E.; Minero, M.; Lebelt, D.; Stucke, D.; Canali, E.; Leach, M.C. |
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Title |
Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a Pain Assessment Tool in Horses Undergoing Routine Castration |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
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PLoS ONE |
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PLoS ONE |
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9 |
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3 |
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e92281 EP - |
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<sec><title>Background</title><p>The assessment of pain is critical for the welfare of horses, in particular when pain is induced by common management procedures such as castration. Existing pain assessment methods have several limitations, which reduce the applicability in everyday life. Assessment of facial expression changes, as a novel means of pain scoring, may offer numerous advantages and overcome some of these limitations. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a standardised pain scale based on facial expressions in horses (Horse Grimace Scale [HGS]).</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>Forty stallions were assigned to one of two treatments and all animals underwent routine surgical castration under general anaesthesia. Group A (n = 19) received a single injection of Flunixin immediately before anaesthesia. Group B (n = 21) received Flunixin immediately before anaesthesia and then again, as an oral administration, six hours after the surgery. In addition, six horses were used as anaesthesia controls (C). These animals underwent non-invasive, indolent procedures, received the same treatment as group A, but did not undergo surgical procedures that could be accompanied with surgical pain. Changes in behaviour, composite pain scale (CPS) scores and horse grimace scale (HGS) scores were assessed before and 8-hours post-procedure. Only horses undergoing castration (Groups A and B) showed significantly greater HGS and CPS scores at 8-hours post compared to pre operatively. Further, maintenance behaviours such as explorative behaviour and alertness were also reduced. No difference was observed between the two analgesic treatment groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The Horse Grimace Scale potentially offers an effective and reliable method of assessing pain following routine castration in horses. However, auxiliary studies are required to evaluate different painful conditions and analgesic schedules.</p></sec> |
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Public Library of Science |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5830 |
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