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Author  |
Ödberg, F. | ||||
| Title | History of schooling and its relation with conditioning laws and welfare | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
| Volume | in press | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | While writings from the Hittite Kikkuli and the Greek hippiatrica concerned stamina training and mainly veterinary aspects, the first explicit writings left about schooling are from the hand of Xenophon. He showed already a plight to understand the horse’s behaviour and apply an animal-friendly schooling. What happened in Roman times and early middle ages is unclear through a lack of documents. Literature increased in late middle ages (a few Iberic authors and the Italian Rusius) but remained scarce. One presumes knights were brutal because of the strength of bits and spurs, but iconography shows also horses ridden without coercion. Linear progress in schooling cannot be found before the transition between the renaissance and baroque periods. Writings from renaissance masters such as Grisone, Fiaschi, Pignatelli and de la Broue, show a generally violent way of schooling (excepted Conte and Pavari) strangely contrasting with appeals for kindness. One then observes from the 17th century authors to the 18th century baroque masters a gradual improvement concerning important aspects: evolving 1/ from anthropomorphism to understanding horse behaviour, and 2/ from coercion to obtaining gradually suppleness and applying the laws of physics concerning weight distribution. Many baroque and early 19th century masters had understood intuitively conditioning laws discovered scientifically in the 20th century by the Pavlovians and behaviourists. The essence of schooling was settled in the baroque period. It subsided unfortunately in the 19th (with better survival in Germany, Austria and Iberic countries) because of a/ more interest for racing and hunting, b/ the French revolution that closed academies and c/ mass army training. Pressure of competition in the 20th nearly eradicated academic tradition. In the second part we translate some fundamental riding principles into scientific terminology. “Independence of aids” is based on discrimination of stimuli and overshadowing. “Discretion of aids” on generalization and second-order conditioning. “Descente de mains et de jambes” on avoidance of habituation, of confusion, and of the impossibility to apply negative reward. “Legs without hands, hands without legs” on avoidance of experimental neurosis due to contradictory stimuli. Time permitting, processes such as positive social modelling and occasion setting will be explained. The above mentioned principles are rarely applied nowadays. The FEI holds a large responsibility in the acceptance, even institutionalizing, of a probably animal-unfriendly riding. It is also shameful that some schools, that for years, or even centuries, were the guardians of old principles, are relinquishing them under commercial pressure. All too often, modern riding is obviously animal-unfriendly for the intuitive rider. Scientists however seek facts. Frequency of conflict behaviours is an indicator at ethological level. However, some horses could be in learned helplessness. There is no litmus test for that (except complicated avoidance learning procedures). There is a need for physiological stress parameters according to breed, age, sex. Horses schooled according to different philosophies are often from different breeds making matched-pairs studies difficult. The important role of pre- and postnatal experience complicates precise scientific evaluation in everyday equine practice. One cannot standardize ontogeny in horses as in laboratory animals. Keywords: academic riding principles, history, learning theory, welfare KW - | ||||
| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Odberg, F. | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | Krueger, K. |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | ISBN | 978-3-9808134-26 | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5532 | ||
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| Author |
Zimmermann, W.; Zimmermann, M. | ||||
| Title | Operation unterm Kranichhimmel | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
| Volume | in press | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Auf dem herbstlichen Zug in den Süden rasten bis zu 80 000 Kraniche im Hortobágy Nationalpark im Osten Ungarns. Das einst von Wildtieren besiedelte Gebiet ist heute eine Kulturlandschaft aus Feldern und Weiden, wo seltene Haustierrassen wie Zackelschaf, Graurind und Noniuspferde grasen, die von Hirten mit ihren Hunden gehütet werden. Die noch erhaltenen Steppengebiete zeichnen sich durch eine große Vielfalt in Flora und Fauna aus. Sie sollen möglichst wenig betreten werden, damit vor allem die bodenbrütenden Vögel, wie z.B. die seltene Großtrappe nicht gestört werden. Deshalb wurde die Kernzone – das Pentezug-Gebiet (2400 ha) – mit Przewalskipferden und „Auerochsen“ zur natürlichen Beweidung besetzt. Bereits in den ersten Jahren fiel es auf, dass das Rind deutlich schlechter an die kalte Jahreszeit angepasst ist als das Wildpferd. Deshalb wurden beide Arten besendert, um Körpertemperatur und Herzschlagfrequenz zu messen. Außerdem sollten Gras- und Kotanalysen Aufschluss über die Unterschiede in der Futterverwertbarkeit liefern. Der Film zeigt die chirurgische Arbeit im Feld und vermittelt einen Eindruck über die Funktion der Sender. Außerdem werden die neuen Bemühungen vorgestellt, aus dem Heckrind eine robuste Rinderrasse zu züchten, die dem Auerochsen noch ähnlicher sieht. Ein Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, die klimatischen Grenzen zu erkennen, in denen die „Auerochsen“ einen Winter ohne Zufütterung überleben können. Diese Rinderrasse wird verstärkt zur Beweidung in Naturschutzgebieten eingesetzt, ihren Bedürfnissen wird aber nicht immer Rechnung getragen. |
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| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Zimmermann, W.; | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | Krueger, K. |
| Language | Deutsch | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 978-3-9808134-26 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Public Day | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5572 | ||
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| Author |
Zeitler-Feicht, M.H.; Streit, S. | ||||
| Title | Checkpunkte für eine tiergerechte Fütterung von Pferden an Abrufautomaten | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
| Volume | in press | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | In der Offenstallhaltung von Pferden wird für die individuelle Fütterung der Fressstand, der eine art-typische synchrone Nahrungsaufnahme erlaubt, empfohlen (BMELV 2009). Seit einigen Jahren kommen jedoch vermehrt Abrufstationen für Kraft- und Raufutter zum Einsatz. Diese ermöglichen nur ein asynchrones Fressen, was das Risiko für Auseinandersetzungen im Fressbereich erhöht. In einer repräsentativen Studie an insgesamt 567 individuell unterschiedenen Pferden in 32 Offen-laufställen mit Abrufstationen und 10 Betrieben mit Fressständen wurden die Aufenthaltsdauer und Besuchshäufigkeit sowie das Droh- und Meideverhalten der Pferde im Fütterungsbereich und die Häu-figkeit von Blockaden erfasst, des Weiteren Herzfrequenz und Integumentverletzungen. Fazit war, dass es an den Abrufstationen doppelt so oft zu Auseinandersetzungen kam als an den Fressständen. Als Ursache hierfür konnte die starke Frequentierung der Automaten eruiert werden. Umso wichtiger ist somit die tiergerechte Ausführung der Abrufautomaten. In der Studie konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Durchlaufstationen pferdegerechter sind als Rücklaufstationen. Als nicht tiergerecht wurden Stationen mit Strom führender Austreibehilfe.eingestuft. Die für das fressende Pferd als verhaltens-gerecht empfohlene Variante (Fressstand mit Eingangssperre und ohne Austreibehilfe) führte zu einer Erhöhung der Besuchshäufigkeit und Aufenthaltsdauer und somit auch zu einer erhöhten Anzahl an Drohgesten je Tier und Tag. Die Herzfrequenz lag im Wartebereich bei den meisten Pferden im physio-logischen Bereich (45,1 ± 12,42 Schläge/min), erhöhte sich jedoch in der Abrufstation um ca. 20 Schlä-ge/min. Einige Tiere zeigten möglicherweise stressbedingt auffallend hohe Herzfrequenzwerte ( 100 Schläge/min). Integumentverletzungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Fütterungssystem traten nicht auf. Das Flächengebot und die Konzeption der Offenstallanlage sowie das Management erwiesen sich als maßgebliche Einflussfaktoren auf alle überprüften Kriterien zur Tiergerechtheit. Um die Anzahl an Auseinandersetzungen im Fütterungsbereich von Abrufstationen zu mindern wird eine Reduzierung der Fütterungshäufigkeit von üblicherweise bis zu 24 Mahlzeiten auf nur 10 Mahlzeiten empfohlen, gemäß dem natürlichen Fressrhythmus von Pferden. Unabhängig vom Fütterungssystem traten die wenigsten Auseinandersetzungen auf, wenn die Pferde täglich etwa 1,5 kg Heu pro 100 kg Körpermasse erhielten bei zusätzlicher ad Libitum Fütterung von Stroh. Nach bisherigen Erkenntnissen ergeben sich nachfolgende Checkpoints für Abrufautomaten: Checkpunkte für Abrufstationen  Schutz des Pferdes durch Trennwände über die gesamte Körperlänge  Trennwände mit Sichtkontakt zu den anderen Pferden  Durchlaufstationen mit separatem Ein- und Ausgang  Eingangssperre für eine stressfreie Futteraufnahme  Ausgang mit Pendeltüre und Rücklaufsperre  Ausgang in einen anderen Funktionsbereich  Ausreichend Ausweichmöglichkeiten für rangniedere Tiere  Räumliche Trennung von Kraftfutter- und Heuautomaten  Maximal je 10 Kraft- und Grobfutterrationen je Tier und Tag  ≥ 1,5 kg Heu bzw. Heulage pro 100 kg Körpermasse je Pferd und Tag  Stroh zur freien Verfügung (Möglichkeit zum synchronen Fressen)  Individuelles Anlernen der Pferde am Automaten erforderlich |
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| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Zeitler-Feicht, M.H. | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | Krueger, K. |
| Language | Deutsch | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 978-3-9808134-26 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Public Day | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5568 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author |
Zaccaroni, M.; Passilongo, D.; Buccianti, A.; Dessi-Fulgheri, F.; Facchini, C.; Gazzola, A. | ||||
| Title | Group specific vocal signature in free- ranging wolf packs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Ethol Ecol Evol | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 24 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zaccaroni2012 | Serial | 6470 | ||
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| Author |
Young, T.; Creighton, E.; Smith, T.; Hosie, C. | ||||
| Title | A novel scale of behavioural indicators of stress for use with domestic horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 140 | Issue | 1–2 | Pages | 33-43 |
| Keywords | Horse; Behaviour scores; Cortisol; Saliva; Welfare assessment; Non-invasive | ||||
| Abstract | Behaviour scores (BS) offer non-invasive, objective and easy to use ways of assessing welfare in animals. Their development has, however, largely focused on behavioural reactions to stressful events (often induced), and little use of physiological measures has been made to underpin and validate the behavioural measures. This study aimed to develop a physiologically validated scale of behavioural indicators of stress for the purpose of welfare assessment in stabled domestic horses. To achieve this, behavioural and physiological data were collected from 32 horses that underwent routine husbandry procedures. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the behavioural and physiological data revealed three meaningful components that were used as the basis of the scale. Analysis of video clips of the horses’ responses to the husbandry procedures was undertaken by a panel of equestrian industry professionals using a free choice profiling (FCP) methodology. These results were added to the scale along with key definitions from relevant literature. Salivary cortisol levels were significantly correlated with the BS confirming the scale was meaningful and reflected physiological stress. The scale offers an easy to use ‘tool’ for rapid, reliable non-invasive welfare assessment in horses, and reduces the need for potentially invasive physiological measures. | ||||
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| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5637 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author |
Yeon, S.C. | ||||
| Title | Acoustic communication in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 179-185 |
| Keywords | horse; communication; vocalization | ||||
| Abstract | Equine vocalization and acoustic sounds can communicate a horse’s emotional state, physiological state, and situation to other individuals, including other horses and humans. These vocalizations and acoustic sounds can be divided into several types. The whinny, nicker, squeal, blow, snore, snort, roar, and groan are typical types of horse vocalizations and acoustic sounds. The sound localization thresholds of horses are markedly poorer than those of other large mammals, such as humans and elephants. The audiogram of horse has shown their best sensitivity and hearing range in which it perceives sound. Laryngeal diseases, such as laryngeal hemiplegia, dorsal displacement of the soft palate, and alar fold paralysis, can cause laryngeal sounds in the upper airway. The analyses of horses’ vocalizations and laryngeal sounds that are reviewed in this article were conducted with computer-aided analysis programs using spectrograms and spectra that evaluate several parameters, including amplitude, fundamental frequency, duration, and formants. Laryngeal sound analysis could be a useful method for diagnosing upper airway diseases. This article presents a review of the literature describing scientific analyses of horse vocalizations and acoustic sounds to elucidate equine acoustic communications and aid in the development of horse-human bonds. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5681 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author |
Wulf, M.; Aurich, C.; Nees, M.; Aurich, J. | ||||
| Title | Identification of horses – hot iron branding versus microchip transponders | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
| Volume | in press | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Identification of horses with hot iron branding is one of the most controversial issues in German horse breeding and also discussed in other countries. Traditionally horses have been identified by hot iron branding with breed-specific symbols and additional numbers. Since 2009, European Union legislation requires that all horses born after that year must have a microchip implanted for identification, although some exceptions are possible. So far it has not been tested using scientific criteria to what extent branding and microchips reliably allow identification of individual horses. In this study, the readability of branding symbols and numbers was analyzed by 3 independent investigators in 248 horses participating in an equestrian competition. Microchip transponders implanted into the neck were read in another 182 horses on different breeding farms. Microchip readings were made on both sides of the neck and 3 different commercially available ISO 11785/11785 scanners were compared (A: Minimax II, B: I-MaxPlus, C: Isomax V, all by Virbac, Germany). Correct reading of the branding breed symbol in horses at an equestrian championship by the individual investigators was close to 90% and differed only marginally between the investigators. Correct identification of the breed-specific symbol by all 3 investigators occurred in 84% of cases. The double-digit number branded together with the breed symbol was identified correctly by all 3 investigators in 39% of cases with correct readings by individual investigators ranging from 47 to 54%. Correct identification of the branding signs did not differ significantly between horses of different coat color and age group. Readability of microchips differed between scanners. Best results were obtained with scanner C which allowed microchip reading on the implantation side in 100% and on the contralateral side of the neck in 95% of 182 horses. Time for location of the microchip on the implanted side ranged from 1 to 4 sec (1.1±0.4). Scanner A identified 92 and 25% of microchips on the implanted and contralateral side, respectively while corresponding values for scanner B were 86 and 20%. Readability of microchip transponders on the side contralateral to implantation was influenced by size and thus caliber of the horse. In conclusion, hot iron branding does not allow unique identification of horses and individual branding numbers can be read in less than 40% of the horses. Readability of microchip transponders is more reliable compared to hot iron branding but depends on the type of scanner used. Scanner C allowed identification of all horses tested and gave good results also when used on the contralateral side of the horses` neck. KW - | ||||
| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Wulf, M. | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | Krueger, K. |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 978-3-9808134-26 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5534 | ||
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| Author |
Windschnurer, I.; Zeitlinger, S.; Troxler, J.; Waiblinger, S. | ||||
| Title | Human and horse behaviour during veterinary treatments | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
| Volume | in press | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Veterinary treatments are often aversive or painful, resulting in stress, avoidance, or aggressive behaviour. This preliminary study investigated which behaviours horses and humans display during veterinary examinations or treatments and if specific behaviours are shown more often during particular situations . Moreover, possible links between human and equine behaviour were investigated. Behaviours of horses, veterinarians, and assisting people were recorded at 5 clinics during 49 routine treatments that were divided into 111 situations (assigned to 7 categories: giving injections, waiting, leading horses, inspections with light body contact, invasive inspections, leg inspections, spraying/shaving). Behaviours of humans present during a situation were summarised. Behaviours (frequencies/minute) were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman rank correlations. Horses showed insecurity (stopping, baulking, defecation) with different frequencies in the different categories (Chi2=23.38, df=6, P=0.001), e.g., often during leading. In humans, activating behaviour (e.g., arm waving, whistling, tongue clicking) was displayed with different frequencies (Chi2=20.42, df=6, P=0.002), e.g., frequently during leading. Restlessness in horses (e.g., stepping, head movements) tended to occur with different frequencies (Chi2=12.37, df=6, P=0.054), e.g., often during invasive inspections. Humans applied restraining techniques considered to be painful (e.g., ear twisting) with different frequencies (Chi2=26.20, df=6, P<0.001), e.g., mostly during invasive inspections. Restlessness in horses correlated with negative human interactions (e.g., hitting, talking impatiently, shouting: rs=0.28, P=0.002, n=111) and neutral human interactions (e.g., slight hits, talking dominantly: rs=0.45, P<0.001, n=111) as well as with the use of painful restraint techniques (rs=0.46, P<0.001, n=111). Moreover, avoidance behaviour of the horses (turning and stepping away) correlated with negative human interactions (rs=0.30, P=0.002, n=111). Thus, humans and horses showed certain behaviours in different situations with differing frequencies. Moreover, links between human and animal behaviour were found. Future studies should analyse causal connections, i.e., if the observed animal behaviour is the result of/or the reason for human interactions by sequence analysis. KW - | ||||
| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Waiblinger, S. | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | Krueger, K. |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 978-3-9808134-26 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5540 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author |
Wickert, Marion | ||||
| Title | Die Bedeutung des Leerkauens bei Pferden aus Sicht der Physiologie und der Ethologie | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
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| Abstract | Der Umgang mit Pferden erfreut sich immer größerer Beliebtheit. Aufgrund des Verhaltens können Rückschlüsse auf die Befindlichkeiten der Tiere gezogen werden (TSCHANZ et al. 1997a). Je mehr wir über das Verhalten der Tiere wissen, desto besser können wir in der Haltung, Ausbildung und Nutzung der Pferde dazu beitragen, die Lebensbedingungen zu verbessern und den Ansprüchen der Pferde gerechter zu werden. Bei der Ausbildung von Pferden kommen u.a. aus Amerika neue Einflüsse auf Ausbildungsmethoden zu uns. Es wird dabei immer wieder ein „Kauen“ der Pferde während des Trainings beschrieben, doch gibt es keine wissenschaftlichen ntersuchungen darüber. Eine Kaubewegung des Pferdes außerhalb der Futteraufnahme wird als „Leerkauen“ definiert. Es ist eine „horizontale Bewegung“ des Unterkiefers gegen den Oberkiefer zu beobachten, vergleichbar mit der Mahlbewegung (Abbildung 1). Häufig ist während des Leerkauens eine Anspannung des oberflächlichen Kaumuskels vom unteren Unterkieferrand aus in Richtung Jochbogen/Crista facialis zu erkennen. Eine Sonderform des Leerkauens stellt die sogenannte Unterlegenheitsgebärde (UG) dar (ZEEB 1959b). Es handelt es sich um eine „vertikale Bewegung“ der Unter- und Oberkiefer voneinander weg und aufeinander zu (Abbildung 2). Ihre Funktion ist die Beschwichtigung. Unter dem Begriff Leerkauen wird in dieser Dissertation immer die horizontale Mahlbewegung verstanden. |
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| Address | Freie Universität Berlin | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | Doctoral thesis | |||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | ISBN | 978-3-86387-209-0 | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5739 | ||
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| Author |
Westermann, K. | ||||
| Title | The contribution of horses (Equus caballus) to human health Requirements, stresses and strains, selection, training, compensation and rectification | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
| Volume | in press | Issue | Pages | ||
| Keywords | Therapiepferd, Anforderungen, Belastungsmomente, Auswahl, Training | ||||
| Abstract | For a longer time, I occupy myself in my profession as a veterinarian, with the requirements and strains of horses (Equus caballus) used to contribute human health. For the first time complex and interdisciplinary scientific investigations are made to draw conclusions from determined requirements and strains of so-called therapy horses in regard to an adequate selection and training as well as compensation of physical and psychic strains and rectification of these horses. Focusing the physical and psychic resources of horses as well, it becomes obvious, that a horse which received conventional training, compensation and rectification is neither adequately prepared for its task as a therapy horse, nor adequately escorted through its employment. Therefore it is time now for hippologists and veterinarians to promote a justifiable use of horses for therapy purposes by suitable means having in mind not only the efficiency of the intervention, but also the safety of clients, therapists and horses as well as our responsibility towards the horse and animal welfare in general. For a concept profitable for all participants, different, each other complementing modules are worked out. Based on an interdisciplinary exchange of know-how and interdisciplinary cooperation, the decisive elements of a comprehensive, targeted, requirement-oriented and horse-friendly training, compensation of the horse’s strains and rectification are outlined. | ||||
| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Westermann, W. | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Xenophon Publishing | Place of Publication | Wald | Editor | Krueger, K. |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 978-3-9808134-26 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5538 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||