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| Author | Schnerr, C. U. | ||||
| Title | Feldstudie zur Epidemiologie und Bekämpfung von Strongyliden in Pferdebeständen im Raum Baden- Württemberg | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | In der Zeit von April 2005 bis März 2006 wurden bei 105 Pferden monatlich koprologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Pferde waren zu zwei Drittel Jungtiere (≤ 4 Jahre) und ein Drittel > 4 Jahre. Die zur Verfügung stehenden vier Betriebe befanden sich alle im Raum Baden-Württemberg. Die Kotproben wurden mit Hilfe der Flotation auf Magen-Darmnematoden untersucht und anschließend einer quantitativen Eizahlbestimmung nach Mc Master unterzogen. Ab einem Eigehalt von 250 Eiern pro Gramm Kot (EpG) wurden die Pferde entsprechend der Gruppenzugehörigkeit entweder mit Pyrantel oder Ivermectin behandelt. Es wurden bei 73 Pferden ausschließlich Strongylideneier nachgewiesen; bei vier Pferden waren in der Flotation zusätzlich Eier von Parascaris equorum zu finden. Bei 28 (26,7%) der untersuchten Pferde wurden in keiner der 12 untersuchten Proben Eier von Magen-Darmnematoden nachgewiesen. Insgesamt mussten 57 (54,3%) der Pferde über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum hinweg nicht behandelt werden. 48 (45,7%) Pferde mussten mindestens einmal anthelminthisch behandelt werden. Kein Pferd musste häufiger als dreimal behandelt werden. In den Monaten August bis November war der Anteil an positiven Proben der Jungtiere signifikant höher als bei den Pferden > 4 Jahre. Innerhalb der Jungtiergruppe nahm die Höhe der Strongyliden-Eiausscheidung mit zunehmendem Alter signifikant ab. Ebenso nahm die Anzahl der positiven Proben im Laufe des Untersuchungszeitraums signifikant ab. Die beiden zur Entwurmung eingesetzten Substanzen (Pyrantel und Ivermectin) waren voll wirksam. In 98,8% der untersuchten Proben war ein Rückgang der Ei-Ausscheidung noch vier Wochen nach der Behandlung auf 0 EpG nachweisbar, d. h. es gab keinerlei Anzeichen für das Vorliegen von Resistenzen gegen die eingesetzten Substanzen. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen sind ein weiterer Beweis dafür, dass mit Hilfe der selektiven anthelminthischen Behandlung die Anzahl der Entwurmungen – insbesondere auch bei Jungtieren – deutlich gesenkt werden kann. Die Eiausscheidung und damit die Weidekontamination werden mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens deutlich reduziert. [Between April 2005 and March 2006 monthly koprological examinations where carried out on 105 horses. Two third of the horses were young animals (≤ 4 years) and a third were > 4 years old. The four farms on hand were all located in the Baden- Württemberg area. Faecal samples were examined for gastro-intestinal nematodes by means of flotation and subsequently subjected to an egg-quantity counting according to Mc Master. Starting from an egg content of 250 eggs per gram faeces (EpG), the horses were treated with either Pyrantel or Ivermectin according to their group affiliation. In 73 horses solely Strongyle eggs were detected; the flotation of four horses additionaly showed eggs of Parascaris equorum. In 28 (26,7%) of the examined horses none of the 12 examined samples showed eggs of gastro-intestinal nematodes. Overall 57 (54,3%) horses didn´t need any treatment during the total examination cycle. 48 (45,7%) of the horses needed at least one anthelminthic treatment. None of the horses needed to be treated more than three times. From August to November the rate of positive samples within the group of young animals was significantly higher than in the horses > 4 years. Whithin the group of young animals the level of Strongyle egg excretions dropped significantly with advancing age. Likewise, the number of positive samples also dropped significantly in the course of the examination cycle. Both substances (Pyrantel and Ivermectin) applied for deworming were fully effective. Even a further 4 weeks after treatment the examined sample showed a drop of egg excretion to 0 EpG in 98,8% of the samples, in other words there were no signs of prevailing resistance appearances towards the applied substance. The present studies are further proof that the number of dewormings-especially in young animals can be distinctly reduced by means of selective anthelminthic treatments. Egg excretion and therewith pasture land contamination can be clearly reduced by means of this procedure.] |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5722 | ||
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| Author | Flauger, B. | ||||
| Title | The introduction of horses into new social groups with special regard to their stress level | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Pferd; Equiden; Eingliederungstechnik; Integrationspferd; Stress; Cortisol; Endokrine Reaktion; Gruppenhaltung; Verletzungsgefahr; Aggression; Futterplatzwahl; Kot; Geruchssinn; Mensch-Pferd Interaktion; horse; equids; introduction technique; integration horse; stress; cortisol; endocrine response; group housing; injury risk; aggression; feeding decision; faecal sample; olfaction; human-horse interaction | ||||
| Abstract | Horses are a highly social species living in complex social systems which should require them to memorise and generalise social experiences and distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. In the main part of my thesis I concentrated on the specific conflict situation of a horse being introduced into a new social group, and investigated its behaviour and stress level. Horses were either introduced (1) immediately, (2) after an observation period, or (3) together with an integration horse after an observation period. Additionally, in the second part of my thesis I arranged several experiments to elaborate additional aspects which could affect the behaviour of horses during introductions. In this study I could describe a simplified method for measuring stress through the analysis of faecal GCMs in horses. An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for 11-oxoaetiocholanolone using 11-oxoaetiocholanolone-17-CMO: BSA (3?,11-oxo-A EIA) as antigen showed high amounts of immunoreactive substances. The new assay increases the accuracy of the test and lowers the expenses per sample; also storing of samples at room temperature after collection is less critical. This is a big advantage both in the field of wildlife management of equids and in the field of equestrian sports (chapter 1). Comparing the different introduction techniques, the introduction with an integration horse led to significantly less total interactions and lower levels of aggression than the introduction of single horses, both immediately and after several days of observing the new group. Additionally, by observing the behaviour of the horses during everyday sociality I could develop a formula describing the interrelationship between expected aggression level and enclosure size per horse. The curve takes an exponential shape. Starting from a space allowance of 300 m2 and more per horse, the amount of aggressions per hour approaches zero. For the reduction of aggression levels and injury risks in socially kept horses I recommend an enclosure size of at least 300 m2 per horse (chapter 2). I further investigated the stress level of the introduced animals. Horses which were immediately introduced did not show elevated faecal GCMs. In contrast, horses which were introduced after an observation period had slightly elevated values 2 and 3 days after the introduction. For horses introduced together with an integration horse faecal GCMs were significantly above the baseline value on the day of introduction and 1 day after it. These differences between introduction techniques indicate that the introduction event itself is not as stressful as previously assumed. Rather standing together with an integration horse and not being able to integrate immediately into the complete group elicits stress in horses (chapter 3). In the commentary of chapter 4 several studies are discussed which failed to demonstrate social learning in horses. It is argued that they did not consider important aspects which could have an influence, such as the dominance status or the social background of the horses (chapter 4). In chapter 5 a social feeding situation was investigated. The social rank as well as the position of conspecifics affected the feeding strategy of horses. Domestic horses used social cognition and strategic decision making in order to decide where to feed. When possible they tended to return to the same, continuously supplied feeding site and switched to an ?avoidance tendency? in the presence of dominant horses or when another horse was already feeding there (chapter 5). One possibility to recognize group members is through olfactory recognition. In chapter 6 it is shown that horses are able to distinguish their own from their conspecifics? faeces. In addition, they paid most attention to the faeces of those group members from which they received the highest amount of aggressive behaviour (chapter 6). Horses show cognitive abilities because they are able to use humans as local enhancement cues when searching for food, independently of their body posture or gaze consistency when the persons face them. Moreover, they seem to orientate on the attention of familiar persons more than of unfamiliar persons (chapter 7). Altogether, the results of this thesis provide further support for the view that horses show good conflict resolution strategies. They are perfectly able to deal with the conflict situation of being introduced to new group members, and the introduction event itself is not as stressful as previously assumed. It is rather suggested that standing together with an integration horse and not being able to integrate immediately into the complete group elicits stress in horses. All additional experimental set-ups could demonstrate that horses are well capable of social cognition. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ epub18463 | Serial | 5736 | ||
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| Author | Young, H.P. | ||||
| Title | The dynamics of social innovation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 108 | Issue | Supplement 4 | Pages | 21285-21291 |
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| Notes | 10.1073/pnas.1100973108 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5940 | ||
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| Author | Gorodnichenko, Y.; Roland, G. | ||||
| Title | Individualism, innovation, and long-run growth | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 108 | Issue | Supplement 4 | Pages | 21316-21319 |
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| Notes | 10.1073/pnas.1101933108 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5941 | ||
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| Author | Krueger, K.; Flauger, B.; Farmer, K.; Maros, K. | ||||
| Title | Horses (Equus caballus) use human local enhancement cues and adjust to human attention | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 187-201 |
| Keywords | Human–horse interaction – Horse – Attention-reading – Position – Familiarity | ||||
| Abstract | This study evaluates the horse (Equus caballus) use of human local enhancement cues and reaction to human attention when making feeding decisions. The superior performance of dogs in observing human states of attention suggests this ability evolved with domestication. However, some species show an improved ability to read human cues through socialization and training. We observed 60 horses approach a bucket with feed in a three-way object-choice task when confronted with (a) an unfamiliar or (b) a familiar person in 4 different situations: (1) squatting behind the bucket, facing the horse (2) standing behind the bucket, facing the horse (3) standing behind the bucket in a back-turned position, gazing away from the horse and (4) standing a few meters from the bucket in a distant, back-turned position, again gazing away from the horse. Additionally, postures 1 and 2 were tested both with the person looking permanently at the horse and with the person alternating their gaze between the horse and the bucket. When the person remained behind the correct bucket, it was chosen significantly above chance. However, when the test person was turned and distant from the buckets, the horses’ performance deteriorated. In the turned person situations, the horses approached a familiar person and walked towards their focus of attention significantly more often than with an unfamiliar person. Additionally, in the squatting and standing person situations, some horses approached the person before approaching the correct bucket. This happened more with a familiar person. We therefore conclude that horses can use humans as a local enhancement cue independently of their body posture or gaze consistency when the persons remain close to the food source and that horses seem to orientate on the attention of familiar more than of unfamiliar persons. We suggest that socialization and training improve the ability of horses to read human cues. | ||||
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| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5178 | ||
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| Author | Krueger, K.; Flauger, B. | ||||
| Title | Olfactory recognition of individual competitors by means of faeces in horse (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 245-257 |
| Keywords | Biomedical and Life Sciences | ||||
| Abstract | Living in complex social systems requires perceptual and cognitive capacities for the recognition of group membership and individual competitors. Olfaction is one means by which this can be achieved. Many animals can identify individual proteins in urine, skin secretions, or saliva by scent. Additionally, marking behaviour in several mammals and especially in horses indicates the importance of sniffing conspecifics’ faeces for olfactory recognition. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two separate experiments: Experiment 1 addressed the question of whether horses can recognise the group membership of other horses by sniffing their faeces. The horses were presented with four faecal samples: (1) their own, (2) those of other members of their own group, (3) those of unfamiliar mares, and (4) those of unfamiliar geldings. Experiment two was designed to assess whether horses can identify the group member from whom a faecal sample came. Here, we presented two groups of horses with faecal samples from their group mates in random distribution. As controls, soil heaps and sheep faecal samples were used. In experiment one, horses distinguished their own from their conspecifics’ faeces, but did not differentiate between familiarity and sex. In experiment two, the horses from both groups paid most attention to the faeces of the horses from which they received the highest amount of aggressive behaviours. We therefore suggest that horses of both sexes can distinguish individual competitors among their group mates by the smell of their faeces. | ||||
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| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5284 | ||
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| Author | Baragli, P.; Mariti, C.; Petri, L.; De Giorgio, F.; Sighieri, C. | ||||
| Title | Does attention make the difference? Horses' response to human stimulus after 2 different training strategies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research | Abbreviated Journal | J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res |
| Volume | 6 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 31-38 |
| Keywords | attention; exploration; horse; human stimulus; training | ||||
| Abstract | We hypothesized that in an open environment, horses cope with a series of challenges in their interactions with human beings. If the horse is not physically constrained and is free to move in a small enclosure, it has additional options regarding its behavioral response to the trainer. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of 2 different training strategies on the horse’s behavioral response to human stimuli. In all, 12 female ponies were randomly divided into the following 2 groups: group A, wherein horses were trained in a small enclosure (where indicators of the level of attention and behavioral response were used to modulate the training pace and the horse’s control over its response to the stimuli provided by the trainer) and group B, wherein horses were trained in a closed environment (in which the trainer’s actions left no room for any behavioral response except for the one that was requested). Horses’ behavior toward the human subject and their heart rate during 2 standardized behavioral tests were used to compare the responses of the 2 groups. Results indicated that the horses in group A appeared to associate human actions with a positive experience, as highlighted by the greater degree of explorative behavior toward human beings shown by these horses during the tests. The experience of the horses during training may have resulted in different evaluations of the person, as a consequence of the human’s actions during training; therefore, it seems that horses evaluate human beings on daily relationship experiences. |
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| Address | attention; exploration; horse; human stimulus; training | ||||
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| ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5286 | ||
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| Author | Bugnyar, T. | ||||
| Title | Knower–guesser differentiation in ravens: others' viewpoints matter | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
| Volume | 278 | Issue | 1705 | Pages | 634-640 |
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| Abstract | Differentiating between individuals with different knowledge states is an important step in child development and has been considered as a hallmark in human evolution. Recently, primates and corvids have been reported to pass knower–guesser tasks, raising the possibility of mental attribution skills in non-human animals. Yet, it has been difficult to distinguish ‘mind-reading’ from behaviour-reading alternatives, specifically the use of behavioural cues and/or the application of associatively learned rules. Here, I show that ravens (Corvus corax) observing an experimenter hiding food are capable of predicting the behaviour of bystanders that had been visible at both, none or just one of two caching events. Manipulating the competitors' visual field independently of the view of the test-subject resulted in an instant drop in performance, whereas controls for behavioural cues had no such effect. These findings indicate that ravens not only remember whom they have seen at caching but also take into account that the other's view was blocked. Notably, it does not suffice for the birds to associate specific competitors with specific caches. These results support the idea that certain socio-ecological conditions may select for similar cognitive abilities in distantly related species and that some birds have evolved analogous precursors to a human theory-of-mind. | ||||
| Address | raven; Corvus corax; knowledge attribution; perspective; competitive food retrieval; caching | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5287 | ||
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| Author | Dochtermann, N.A.; Jenkins, S.H. | ||||
| Title | Multivariate Methods and Small Sample Sizes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | Ethology |
| Volume | 117 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 95-101 |
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| Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1439-0310 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5288 | ||
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| Author | Hartmann, E.; Keeling, L.J.; Rundgren, M. | ||||
| Title | Comparison of 3 methods for mixing unfamiliar horses (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research | Abbreviated Journal | J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res |
| Volume | 6 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 39-49 |
| Keywords | equine; behaviors; welfare; mixing; aggression; injury | ||||
| Abstract | Horses are likely to exhibit aggression when meeting for the first time. Therefore, this study compared 3 methods for mixing horses to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing aggressive interactions: (1) mixing pairs of horses in a paddock (P, 10 minutes, 15 tests), (2) introducing 1 unfamiliar horse to a pair of familiar, resident horses in a paddock (PP, 10 minutes, 15 tests), (3) allowing limited physical contact between pairs of horses for a short period of pre-exposure in neighboring boxes (B, 5 minutes, 16 tests) before mixing them in a paddock (BP, 10 minutes 16 tests). A total of 16 Swedish Standardbred mares, aged 6-18 years (mean age ± SD: 11 ± 4.4), were included in the study. Half of the horses were familiar with each other (resident horses, n = 8), whereas the other half were bought in from a variety of sources (unfamiliar horses, n = 8). Social interactions, consisting of behaviors from the sender, the receiver, and the subsequent sender's response, were recorded continuously as frequencies. There were no differences in the frequencies of aggressive behaviors between the 3 mixing methods, including those aggressive behaviors in which physical contact had been attempted (kick, strike). Although resident horses were overall more aggressive (median number of aggressive behaviors per horse, 62; Q1, 36; Q3, 68.5) than unfamiliar horses (median per horse, 4; Q1, 2; Q3, 12.5) during all tests (U = 97, P = 0.003), none of the 62 tests needed to be terminated. Unfamiliar horses did not receive more aggression from resident horses in PP (mean per test ± SD: 5.1 ± 3.1) than in P (mean per test ± SD: 6.4 ± 4.9) (t = 0.63, P = 0.544). However, the behavior “attack” was more frequent in PP (median per test, 2; Q1, 0; Q3, 5) than in P (median per test, 0; Q1, 0; Q3, 1) (U = 282, P = 0.042), and “flee” was more frequent in PP (median per test, 6; Q1, 4; Q3, 8) than in P (median per test, 1; Q1, 0; Q3, 6) (U = 290, P = 0.018). Pre-exposure in boxes did not reduce aggression in BP (median per test, 7; Q1, 4.3; Q3, 11.8) as compared with P (median per test, 6; Q1, 2; Q3, 16) (U = 264, P = 0.767), but during pre-exposure in B tests, horses exchanged more nonaggressive (median per test, 2; Q1, 0.3; Q3, 4) than aggressive (median frequency of aggressive behavior, 0; Q1, 0; Q3, 1) (W = 71, P = 0.013) and mixed interactions (median per test, 0; Q1, 0; Q3, 1) (W = 92, P = 0.016) through the opening. Results suggest mixing an unfamiliar horse with 2 resident horses at the same time instead of one by one may be preferable. In this way, the total aggression received by the unfamiliar horse will potentially be less, even though aggressive interactions may be more intense. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5294 | ||
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