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Author |
Slater, C.; Dymond, S. |
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Title |
Using differential reinforcement to improve equine welfare: Shaping appropriate truck loading and feet handling |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
86 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
329-339 |
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Keywords |
Positive reinforcement; Differential reinforcement; Shaping; Autoshaping; sign tracking; Common handling; Multiple baseline; Changing criterion; Horses |
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Abstract |
Inappropriate behavior during common handling procedures with horses is often subject to aversive treatment. The present study replicated and extended previous findings using differential reinforcement to shape appropriate equine handling behavior. In Study 1, a multiple baseline across subjects design was used with four horses to determine first the effects of shaping target-touch responses and then successive approximations of full truck loading under continuous and intermittent schedules of reinforcement. Full loading responses were shaped and maintained in all four horses and occurrences of inappropriate behaviors reduced to zero. Generalization of the loading response was also observed to both a novel trainer and trailer. In Study 2, a changing criterion design was used to increase the duration of feet handling with one horse. The horse's responding reached the terminal duration criterion of 1 min and showed consistent generalization and one-week maintenance. Overall, the results of both studies support the use of applied equine training systems based on positive reinforcement for increasing appropriate behavior during common handling procedures. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5323 |
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Author |
Bartoš, L.; Bartošová, J.; Pluhácek, J.; Šindelárová, J. |
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Title |
Promiscuous behaviour disrupts pregnancy block in domestic horse mares |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
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Volume |
65 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1567-1572 |
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Keywords |
Foetal loss; Domestic horse; Bruce effect; Sexual behaviour |
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Abstract |
Based on questionnaires from horse breeders, we found that bringing a pregnant mare which had been mated away from home into a vicinity of a familiar male who was not the father of her foetus increased probability of pregnancy disruption. These mares aborted in 31% of cases, while none of those mated within the home stable aborted. Repeated sexual activity either by a stallion or dominant gelding from the normal home group was observed shortly after the mare came from away-mating. Pregnant mares isolated from home males by a fence were even seen soliciting them over the fence. We speculate that, once returned to the home “herd”, and introduced to familiar males, mares were more likely to terminate their pregnancy to save energy and avoid likely future infanticidal loss of their progeny by dominant male(s) of the home social group. This is a newly discovered phenomenon where a mare manipulates the male’s paternity assessment by promiscuous mating. It may explain a common increased incidence of foetal loss in domestic horses occurring in nearly 40% of pregnancies. We conclude that the common practice of transporting the mare for mating and then bringing her back to an environment with males, stallions or geldings, which did not sire the foetus, is the main cause of high percentages of pregnancy disruption in domestic horses. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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English |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5834 |
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Author |
Krange, O.; Skogen, K. |
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Title |
When the lads go hunting: The 'Hammertown mechanism' and the conflict over wolves in Norway |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Ethnography |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethnography |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
466-489 |
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Rural communities are changing. Depopulation and unemployment is accompanied by the advance of new perspectives on nature, where protection trumps resource extraction. These developments are perceived as threatening by rural working-class people with close ties to traditional land use ? a situation they often meet with cultural resistance. Cultural resistance is not necessarily launched against institutionalized power, nor does it necessarily imply a desire for fundamental social change. It should rather be seen as a struggle for autonomy. However, autonomy does not entail influence outside the cultural realm. Struggles to uphold traditional rural lifestyles ? for example by denouncing the current nature conservation regime ? could be understood in much the same conceptual framework as Willis employed in ?Learning to labour?. Based on an ethnographic study of the conflicts over wolf protection, we demonstrate that ?the Hammertown mechanism? is of a more general nature than often implied in the discussion of Willis? work. |
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SAGE Publications |
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1466-1381 |
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doi: 10.1177/1466138110397227 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6425 |
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Author |
Dochtermann, N.A.; Jenkins, S.H. |
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Title |
Multivariate Methods and Small Sample Sizes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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Volume |
117 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
95-101 |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5288 |
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Author |
Huang, S.-P.; Yang, S.-Y.; Hsu, Y. |
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Title |
Persistence of Winner and Loser Effects Depends on the Behaviour Measured |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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Volume |
117 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
171-180 |
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Abstract Recent contest experience can influence an individual’s behaviour in subsequent contests. When the probability of winning a subsequent contest is used to quantify experience effects, a loser effect usually lasts longer than a winner effect. This conclusion, however, may be caused by this probability understating the persistence of the influence of a winning experience on contest decisions. Using Kryptolebias marmoratus, a mangrove killifish, as the study organism, we investigated whether different conclusions about the relative persistence of winning and losing experiences would be reached when different aspects of contest behaviour (probability of initiating attacks, probability of winning non-escalated and escalated contests, escalation rate and contest duration) were measured. The results indicated that the apparent persistence of the effect of winning or losing experiences varied with the behaviour studied. When the likelihood to initiate attacks was used, no winner effect was detected while the loser effect lasted for <1 d. When escalation rate was used, the winner effect lasted for 2–4 d, while the loser effect lasted for 1–2 d. When the probability of winning non-escalated contests was used, the winner effect was detectable for <1 d, while the loser effect lasted for 2–4 d. And, when contest duration was used, the winner effect was detectable for 2–4 d, but no loser effect was detectable. These results show that (1) the probability of winning a subsequent contest understated the persistence of the influence of a winning experience on the fish’s contest decisions, (2) the measures most effective at detecting winner effects are different from those most effective at detecting loser effects and (3) in K. marmoratus, both effects can be detected 2 d after the completion of experience training but both dissipate in 4 d. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5317 |
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Author |
Mersmann, D.; Tomasello, M.; Call, J.; Kaminski, J.; Taborsky, M. |
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Title |
Simple Mechanisms Can Explain Social Learning in Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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Volume |
117 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
675-690 |
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Abstract Recent studies have suggested that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) engage in highly complex forms of social learning. Here, we critically assess the potential mechanisms underlying social learning in dogs using two problem-solving tasks. In a classical detour task, the test dogs benefited from observing a demonstrator walking around a fence to obtain a reward. However, even inexperienced dogs did not show a preference for passing the fence at the same end as the demonstrator. Furthermore, dogs did not need to observe a complete demonstration by a human demonstrator to pass the task. Instead, they were just as successful in solving the problem after seeing a partial demonstration by an object passing by at the end of the fence. In contrast to earlier findings, our results suggest that stimulus enhancement (or affordance learning) might be a powerful social learning mechanism used by dogs to solve such detour problems. In the second task, we examined whether naïve dogs copy actions to solve an instrumental problem. After controlling for stimulus enhancement and other forms of social influence (e.g. social facilitation and observational conditioning), we found that dogs’ problem solving was not influenced by witnessing a skilful demonstrator (either an unknown human, a conspecific or the dog’s owner). Together, these results add to evidence suggesting that social learning may often be explained by relatively simple (but powerful) mechanisms. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1439-0310 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5409 |
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Author |
Baragli, P.; Paoletti, E.; Vitale, V.; Sighieri, C. |
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Title |
Looking in the correct location for a hidden object: brief note about the memory of donkeys (Equus asinus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
187-192 |
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Abstract |
In recent years, considerable literature has been published on cognition in horses; however, much less is known about the cognitive abilities of domestic donkey (Equus asinus). This study aimed to expand our knowledge of donkey cognition by assessing their short-term memory capacity. We employed a detour problem combined with the classic delayed-response task, which has been extensively used to compare working memory duration in a variety of different species. A two-point choice apparatus was used to investigate location recall and search behaviour for a food target, after a short delay following its disappearance. Four donkeys completed the task with a 10 sec delay, while four others were tested with a 30 sec delay. Overall, each group performed above chance level on the test, showing that subjects had successfully encoded, maintained, and retrieved the existence and location of the target despite the loss of visual contact. |
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Taylor & Francis |
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0394-9370 |
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doi: 10.1080/03949370.2011.554885 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6177 |
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Author |
Wasser, S.K.; Keim, J.L.; Taper, M.L.; Lele, S.R. |
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Title |
The influences of wolf predation, habitat loss, and human activity on caribou and moose in the Alberta oil sands |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |
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Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and moose (Alces alces) populations in the Alberta oil sands region of western Canada are influenced by wolf (Canis lupus) predation, habitat degradation and loss, and anthropogenic activities. Trained domestic dogs were used to locate scat from caribou, moose, and wolves during winter surges in petroleum development. Evidence obtained from collected scat was then used to estimate resource selection, measure physiological stress, and provide individual genetic identification for precise mark–recapture abundance estimates of caribou, moose, and wolves. Strong impacts of human activity were indicated by changes in resource selection and in stress and nutrition hormone levels as human-use measures were added to base resource selection models (including ecological variables, provincial highways, and pre-existing linear features with no human activity) for caribou. Wolf predation and resource selection so heavily targeted deer (Odocoileus virginiana or O hemionus) that wolves appeared drawn away from prime caribou habitat. None of the three examined species showed a significant population change over 4 years. However, caribou population estimates were more than double those of previous approximations for this area. Our findings suggest that modifying landscape-level human-use patterns may be more effective at managing this ecosystem than intentional removal of wolves. |
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Ecological Society of America |
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1540-9295 |
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doi: 10.1890/100071 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5397 |
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Author |
Romero L. M. |
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Title |
Using the reactive scope model to understand why stress physiology predicts survival during starvation in Galápagos marine iguanas |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
General and Comparative Endocrinology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Gen Comp Endocrinol |
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Reactive scope; Allostasis; Glucocorticoids; Stress; Survival |
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Abstract |
Even though the term “stress” is widely used, a precise definition is notoriously difficult. Notwithstanding this difficulty, stress continues to be an important concept in biology because it attempts to describe how animals cope with environmental change under emergency conditions. Without a precise definition, however, it becomes nearly impossible to make testable a priori predictions about how physiological and hormonal systems will respond to emergency conditions and what the ultimate impact on the animal will be. The reactive scope model is a recent attempt to formulate testable predictions. This model provides a physiological basis to explain why corticosterone negative feedback, but not baseline corticosterone concentrations, corticosterone responses to acute stress, or the interrenal capacity to secrete corticosterone, is correlated with survival during famine conditions in Galápagos marine iguanas. Reactive scope thus provides a foundation for interpreting and predicting physiological stress responses. |
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0016-6480 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5584 |
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Author |
Baragli, P.; Mariti, C.; Petri, L.; De Giorgio, F.; Sighieri, C. |
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Title |
Does attention make the difference? Horses' response to human stimulus after 2 different training strategies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
31-38 |
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Keywords |
attention; exploration; horse; human stimulus; training |
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Abstract |
We hypothesized that in an open environment, horses cope with a series of challenges in
their interactions with human beings. If the horse is not physically constrained and is free to move
in a small enclosure, it has additional options regarding its behavioral response to the trainer. The
aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of 2 different training strategies on the horse’s behavioral
response to human stimuli. In all, 12 female ponies were randomly divided into the following 2
groups: group A, wherein horses were trained in a small enclosure (where indicators of the level of
attention and behavioral response were used to modulate the training pace and the horse’s control over
its response to the stimuli provided by the trainer) and group B, wherein horses were trained in a closed
environment (in which the trainer’s actions left no room for any behavioral response except for the one
that was requested). Horses’ behavior toward the human subject and their heart rate during 2 standardized
behavioral tests were used to compare the responses of the 2 groups. Results indicated that the
horses in group A appeared to associate human actions with a positive experience, as highlighted by
the greater degree of explorative behavior toward human beings shown by these horses during the tests.
The experience of the horses during training may have resulted in different evaluations of the person, as
a consequence of the human’s actions during training; therefore, it seems that horses evaluate human
beings on daily relationship experiences. |
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attention; exploration; horse; human stimulus; training |
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ISSN |
1558-7878 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5286 |
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