| Records |
| Author |
Bergmüller, R. |
| Title |
Animal Personality and Behavioural Syndromes |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour – Evolution and Mechanisms |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
587-621 |
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Springer |
Place of Publication |
Heidelberg |
Editor  |
Kappeler, P. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5179 |
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| Author |
van Schaik, C.P. |
| Title |
Social learning and culture in animals |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
623-653 |
| Keywords |
Life Sciences |
| Abstract |
Most animals must learn some of the behaviours in their repertoire, and some must learn most. Although learning is often thought of as an individual exercise, in nature much learning is social, i.e. under the influence of conspecifics. Social learners acquire novel information or skills faster and at lower cost, but risk learning false information or useless skills. Social learning can be divided into learning from social information and learning through social interaction. Different species have different mechanisms of learning from social information, ranging from selective attention to the environment due to the presence of others to copying of complete motor sequences. In vertical (or oblique) social learning, naïve individuals often learn skills or knowledge from parents (or other adults), whereas horizontal social learning is from peers, either immatures or adults, and more often concerns eavesdropping and public information use. Because vertical social learning is often adaptive, maturing individuals often have a preference for it over individual exploration. The more cognitively demanding social learning abilities probably evolved in this context, in lineages where offspring show long association with parents and niches are complex. Because horizontal learning can be maladaptive, especially when perishable information has become outdated, animals must decide when to deploy social learning. Social learning of novel skills can lead to distinct traditions or cultures when the innovations are sufficiently rare and effectively transmitted socially. Animal cultures may be common but to date taxonomic coverage is insufficient to know how common. Cultural evolution is potentially powerful, but largely confined to humans, for reasons currently unknown. A general theory of culture is therefore badly needed. |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
Place of Publication |
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Editor |
Kappeler, P. |
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978-3-642-02624-9 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5268 |
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| Author |
Kerth, G. |
| Title |
Group decision-making in animal societies |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
241-265 |
| Keywords |
Life Sciences |
| Abstract |
Individuals need to coordinate their activities to benefit from group living. Thus group decisions are essential for societies, especially if group members cooperate with each other. Models show that shared (democratic) decisions outperform unshared (despotic) decisions, even if individuals disagree about actions. This is surprising as in most other contexts, differences in individual preferences lead to sex-, age-, or kin-specific behaviour. Empirical studies testing the predictions of the theoretical models have only recently begun to emerge. This applies particularly to group decisions in fission-fusion societies, where individuals can avoid decisions that are not in their interest. After outlining the basic ideas and theoretical models on group decision-making I focus on the available empirical studies. Originally most of the relevant studies have been on social insects and fish but recently an increasing number of studies on mammals and birds have been published, including some that deal with wild long-lived animals living in complex societies. This includes societies where group members have different interests, as in most mammals, and which have been less studied compared to eusocial insects that normally have no conflict among their colony members about what to do. I investigate whether the same decision rules apply in societies with conflict and without conflict, and outline open questions that remain to be studied. The chapter concludes with a synthesis on what is known about group decision-making in animals and an outlook on what I think should be done to answer the open questions. |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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Editor |
Kappeler, P. |
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978-3-642-02624-9 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5381 |
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| Author |
Krueger, K. |
| Title |
“Erfasst” das Pferd die menschliche Psyche" |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Pferdegestützte Therapie bei psychischen Erkrankungen |
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Issue |
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Pages |
40-51 |
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Schattauer Verlag |
Place of Publication |
Stuttgart |
Editor |
Dettling, M.; Opgen-Rhein, C.; Kläschen, M. |
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978-3794527557 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5443 |
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| Author |
R Development Core Team |
| Title |
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing |
Type |
Software |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
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Foundation for Statistical Computing |
Place of Publication |
Vienna |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
822 |
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| Author |
McCall, C.A.; Hall, S.; McElhenney, W.H.; Cummins, K.A. |
| Title |
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF FOUR REACTIVITY TESTS IN HORSES |
Type |
Conference Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Proc.17th Equine Nutr. Physiol. Symp |
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Issue |
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Pages |
357 |
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Four methods of ranking horses on reactivity were evaluated and compared: isolation from conspecifics, presentation of a static novel stimulus, traversing a novel stimulus in a runway (isolation, novel stimulus and runways tests, respectively) and assigning subjective emotionality scores. Forty horses performed each of the three tests daily on three different days in a switchback design where treatments were injection of a tranquilizer or vehicle. Horses were randomly assigned a daily test sequence, which was maintained throughout the study. In all tests, heart rates were recorded and behavior was videotaped. To be considered a valid test of reactivity, at least one heart rate and one behavioural measurement in the test had to show a significant difference due to tranquilization, and behavioural measures had to be displayed in at least 75% of the trials. In the runway test, no significant difference in heart rate values in tranquilized and non-tranquilized horses was found, and no behavioural attribute was displayed in more than 52% of the trials; therefore it was rejected as a valid test of reactivity. Both isolation and novel stimulus tests produced valid measurements. Mean heart rate was the most precise physiological measure for these tests, and walking and defecation frequency were the most precise behavioural measures for novel stimulus and isolation tests, respectively. Mean heart rates on the novel stimulus and isolation tests were correlated (rs=0.79, P<0.01) indicating that these tests produced similar rankings based on physiological responses. However, behavioural measures ranked horses differently (rs=0.27, P<0.10) on the tests. Rank correlations between mean heart rates and behavioural measures were higher in the novel stimulus (rs = 0.66, P<0.01) than the isolation test (rs = 0.55, P<0.01), indicating that the novel stimulus test ranked horses based on either physiological or behavioural responses more similarly than did the isolation test. Therefore, the novel stimulus test was considered the more accurate evaluation of reactivity. Subjective emotionality scores were correlated moderately with mean heart rates (rs > 0.33, P<0.01) from the novel stimulus and isolation tests and with walking scores (rs = 0.47, P<0.01) from the novel stimulus test. Assignment of subjective emotionality scores was not as accurate as the novel stimulus or isolation tests in ranking horses for reactivity. Using physiological data alone, combining physiological and behavioural measurements or using more than one behavioural measurement in reactivity tests may reflect the reactivity of the horse better than a single behavioural measurement. |
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Place of Publication |
Lexington, KY |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3689 |
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| Author |
Sueur, C.; Jacobs, A.; Amblard, F.; Petit, O.; King, A.J. |
| Title |
How can social network analysis improve the study of primate behavior? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
American Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
| Volume |
73 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
703-719 |
| Keywords |
interaction; association; social system; social structure; methodology; behavioral sampling |
| Abstract |
Abstract When living in a group, individuals have to make trade-offs, and compromise, in order to balance the advantages and disadvantages of group life. Strategies that enable individuals to achieve this typically affect inter-individual interactions resulting in nonrandom associations. Studying the patterns of this assortativity using social network analyses can allow us to explore how individual behavior influences what happens at the group, or population level. Understanding the consequences of these interactions at multiple scales may allow us to better understand the fitness implications for individuals. Social network analyses offer the tools to achieve this. This special issue aims to highlight the benefits of social network analysis for the study of primate behaviour, assessing it's suitability for analyzing individual social characteristics as well as group/population patterns. In this introduction to the special issue, we first introduce social network theory, then demonstrate with examples how social networks can influence individual and collective behaviors, and finally conclude with some outstanding questions for future primatological research. Am. J. Primatol. 73:703?719, 2011. ? 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Wiley-Blackwell |
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0275-2565 |
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doi: 10.1002/ajp.20915 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6410 |
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| Author |
Farmer, K.; Krueger, K.; Byrne, R. |
| Title |
Visual laterality in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) interacting with humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
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Pages |
229-238 |
| Keywords |
Horse – Laterality – Eye preference – Emotion – Vision |
| Abstract |
Most horses have a side on which they are easier to handle and a direction they favour when working on a circle, and recent studies have suggested a correlation between emotion and visual laterality when horses observe inanimate objects. As such lateralisation could provide important clues regarding the horse’s cognitive processes, we investigated whether horses also show laterality in association with people. We gave horses the choice of entering a chute to left or right, with and without the passive, non-interactive presence of a person unknown to them. The left eye was preferred for scanning under both conditions, but significantly more so when a person was present. Traditionally, riders handle horses only from the left, so we repeated the experiment with horses specifically trained on both sides. Again, there was a consistent preference for left eye scanning in the presence of a person, whether known to the horses or not. We also examined horses interacting with a person, using both traditionally and bilaterally trained horses. Both groups showed left eye preference for viewing the person, regardless of training and test procedure. For those horses tested under both passive and interactive conditions, the left eye was preferred significantly more during interaction. We suggest that most horses prefer to use their left eye for assessment and evaluation, and that there is an emotional aspect to the choice which may be positive or negative, depending on the circumstances. We believe these results have important practical implications and that emotional laterality should be taken into account in training methods. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4953 |
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| Author |
Proops, L.; McComb, K. |
| Title |
Attributing attention: the use of human-given cues by domestic horses (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
197-205 |
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Abstract Recent research has shown that domestic dogs are particularly good at determining the focus of human attention, often outperforming chimpanzees and hand-reared wolves. It has been suggested that the close evolutionary relationship between humans and dogs has led to the development of this ability; however, very few other domestic species have been studied. We tested the ability of 36 domestic horses to discriminate between an attentive and inattentive person in determining whom to approach for food. The cues provided were body orientation, head orientation or whether the experimenters’ eyes were open or closed. A fourth, mixed condition was included where the attentive person stood with their body facing away from the subjects but their head turned towards the subject while the inattentive person stood with their body facing the subject but their head turned away. Horses chose the attentive person significantly more often using the body cue, head cue, and eye cue but not the mixed cue. This result suggests that domestic horses are highly sensitive to human attentional cues, including gaze. The possible role of evolutionary and environmental factors in the development of this ability is discussed. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4984 |
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| Author |
Stone, S. |
| Title |
Human facial discrimination in horses: can they tell us apart? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
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Pages |
51-61 |
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| Abstract |
Abstract The human–horse relationship has a long evolutionary history. Horses continue to play a pivotal role in the lives of humans and it is common for humans to think their horses recognize them by face. If a horse can distinguish his/her human companion from other humans, then evolution has supplied the horse with a very adaptive cognitive ability. The current study used operant conditioning trials to examine whether horses could discriminate photographed human faces and transfer this facial recognition ability a novel setting. The results indicated the horses (a) learned to discriminate photographs of the unrelated individuals, fraternal twins, and identical twins and (b) demonstrated transfer of facial recognition by spending more time with their S+ woman in the field test. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5004 |
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