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Iliopoulos, Y.; Sgardelis, S.; Koutis, V.; Savaris, D. |
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Title |
Wolf depredation on livestock in central Greece |
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2009 |
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Mammal Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mamm. Reas. |
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54 |
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1 |
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11-22 |
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We studied wolfCanis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 -- livestock conflict in central Greece by investigating patterns of 267 verified wolf attacks on livestock for 21 months. Wolves attacked adult goats 43% and cattle 218% more than expected, whereas sheep 41% less than expected from their availability. Wolves killed less than four sheep or goats in 79%, and one cow or calf in 74% of depredation events, respectively. We recorded higher attack rates during wolf post-weaning season. Wolf attacks on strayed, or kept inside non predator-proof enclosures, sheep and goats, were on average two to four times respectively more destructive than those when livestock was guarded by a shepherd. Sheepdog use reduced losses per attack. Optimal sheepdog number ranged from 3 to 9 animals depending on flock size. Losses per attack were positively related to the number of wolves involved. Total losses per farm were positively correlated with the size of livestock unit but percentage losses per capita increased with decreasing flock size. Management implications to mitigate livestock depredation are discussed. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Iliopoulos2009 |
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6576 |
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Szabó, L.; Heltai, M.; Szucs, E.; Lanszki, J.; Lehoczki, R. |
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Expansion range of the golden jackal in Hungary between 1997 and 2006 |
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2009 |
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Mammalia |
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73 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Szabó2009 |
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6461 |
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Alexandridis, A. |
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Title |
Pferdgestützte Bewegungstherapie bei Essstörungen |
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2009 |
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Mensch und Pferd |
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mup |
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1 |
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13-26 |
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Pferdgestütze Bewegungstherapie, Essstörungen, Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, „Binge-Eating“-Störung, Natural Horsemanship |
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Inhalte und Methoden des Natural Horsemanship (nach Pat Parelli) werden beschrieben
und in der Verbindung mit aktuellen bewegungstherapeutischen Behandlungsmethoden
bei Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa und „Binge-Eating“-Störung dargestellt.
Diese Zusammenführung ergibt eine pferdgestützte bewegungstherapeutische Methode
zur Behandlung von Essstörungen, welche anhand konkreter Praxisbeispiele
beschrieben wird. Der Ausblick auf eine laufende Evaluationsstudie schließt den Artikel
ab. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5965 |
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Lau, A.N.; Peng, L.; Goto, H.; Chemnick, L.; Ryder, O.A.; Makova, K.D. |
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Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences |
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2009 |
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Mol Biol Evol |
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Mol Biol Evol |
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26 |
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1 |
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199-208 |
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Despite their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, there is continued disagreement about the genetic relationship of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) to its endangered wild relative, Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii). Analyses have differed as to whether or not Przewalski's horse is placed phylogenetically as a separate sister group to domestic horses. Because Przewalski's horse and domestic horse are so closely related, genetic data can also be used to infer domestication-specific differences between the two. To investigate the genetic relationship of Przewalski's horse to the domestic horse and to address whether evolution of the domestic horse is driven by males or females, five homologous introns (a total of [~]3 kb) were sequenced on the X and Y chromosomes in two Przewalski's horses and three breeds of domestic horses: Arabian horse, Mongolian domestic horse, and Dartmoor pony. Five autosomal introns (a total of [~]6 kb) were sequenced for these horses as well. The sequences of sex chromosomal and autosomal introns were used to determine nucleotide diversity and the forces driving evolution in these species. As a result, X chromosomal and autosomal data do not place Przewalski's horses in a separate clade within phylogenetic trees for horses, suggesting a close relationship between domestic and Przewalski's horses. It was also found that there was a lack of nucleotide diversity on the Y chromosome and higher nucleotide diversity than expected on the X chromosome in domestic horses as compared with the Y chromosome and autosomes. This supports the hypothesis that very few male horses along with numerous female horses founded the various domestic horse breeds. Patterns of nucleotide diversity among different types of chromosomes were distinct for Przewalski's in contrast to domestic horses, supporting unique evolutionary histories of the two species. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4997 |
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Schultheiss, O.C.; Riebel, K.; Jones, N.M. |
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Activity inhibition: A predictor of lateralized brain function during stress? |
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2009 |
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Neuropsychology |
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23 |
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3 |
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392-404 |
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activity inhibition; laterality; stress; content analysis; self-regulation; mood states; affective stimuli; perceptual laterality; motor laterality |
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The authors tested the hypothesis that activity inhibition (AI), a measure of the frequency of the word “not” in written material, marks a propensity to engage functions of the right hemisphere (RH) and disengage functions of the left hemisphere (LH), particularly during stress. Study 1 and Study 2 showed that high AI predicts faster detection of stimuli presented to the RH, relative to the LH. Study 2 provided evidence that the AI-laterality effect is specific to perceptual, but not motor, laterality and that it is particularly strong in individuals with low mood, but absent in individuals in a positive mood state. Study 3 showed that negative affective stimuli prime the AI-laterality effect more strongly than positive affective stimuli. Findings from Study 4 suggest that situationally induced frustration (losing a contest), in conjunction with high AI, leads to increased attentional laterality. The present findings substantially bolster the construct validity of AI and contribute to a better understanding of earlier findings linking AI to physiological stress responses, immune system functioning, alcohol abuse, and nonverbal behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Schultheiss, Oliver C.: Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Kochstrasse 4, Erlangen, Germany, 91054, oliver.schultheiss@psy.phil.uni-erlangen.de |
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US: American Psychological Association |
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1931-1559 (Electronic); 0894-4105 (Print) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 2009-05986-011 |
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5382 |
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Niederhöfer Simone |
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Stressbelastung bei Pferden in Abhängigkeit des Haltungssystems [Stress in horses in connection with husbandry systems] |
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2009 |
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PhD |
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Pferdegerechte Haltungssysteme spielen bei der heutigen Nutzung des Freizeit- oder Sportpartners Pferd eine wichtige Rolle, da naturnahe Haltungsbedingungen nur in seltenen Fällen zu realisieren sind. Sämtliche Aufstallungsformen müssen als Kompromiss angesehen werden und bieten somit Vor- und Nachteile. Die vorliegende Untersuchung verfolgte den Zweck, die Stressbelastung von Pferden in verschiedenen Haltungssystemen zu erfassen und vergleichend zu beurteilen. Während der von Mai 2006 bis Juli 2007 durchgeführten Versuche wurden 24 zwei- bis dreijährige Hannoveranerstuten für jeweils 4 Wochen in insgesamt 6 verschiedenen Haltungsformen aufgestallt. Die Haltungsvarianten beinhalteten die Einzelbox (Variante 1), die Einzelbox mit einem frei zugänglichem Paddock (Variante 2), die gemeinsame Haltung von zwei Pferden in zwei Boxen und einem angeschlossenen frei zugänglichem Auslauf (Variante 3) und die Gruppenhaltung von 6 Pferden in einer Mehrraumauslaufhaltung (Variante 4 – 6). Die Haltungsvariante 4 differierte von den Varianten 5 und 6 durch seinen ungegliederten Liegebereich. In den Variante 5 und 6 wurde der Liegebereich der Gruppenhaltung durcheine über die halbe Breite reichende Trennwand in zwei Bereiche unterteilt. Die Trennwand befand sich in Haltungsvariante 5 im rechten Winkel an die Außenwand grenzend, während sie in Variante 6 an der der Stallgasse zugewandten Seite des Liegebereichs aufgestellt wurde. Um eine Vergleichbarkeit mit einem Reitpferd zu schaffen, wurden alle Pferde in allen Haltungssystemen täglich für circa eine Stunde in einer Freilaufanlage bewegt. Die Stressbelastung wurde mittels der Messung der Herzfrequenzvariabilität (Parameter pNN50 und SD1) und der Bestimmung fäkaler Cortisolmetaboliten erfasst. Zusätzlich wurden Videoauswertungen hinsichtlich der Beobachtung von Verhaltensauffälligkeiten in den Haltungsvarianten 1 und 2 durchgeführt. Die durchschnittlich niedrigste Stressbelastung erfuhren die Pferde durch die Haltungsvarianten 4 (pNN50: 46,32 %, SD1:158,58 ms, Cortisolmetaboliten: 21,01nmol/kg Kot) und 6 (pNN50: 47,1 %, SD1: 144,62 ms, Cortisolmetaboliten: 21,01 nmol/kg Kot). DieAuswertung der pNN50- und Cortisolmetabolitenwerte ergab die größte Stressbelastung der Pferde in den Varianten 1 (pNN50: 42,81 %, SD1: 134,52 ms, Cortisolmetaboliten: 28,56 nmol/kg Kot) und 3 (pNN50: 42,41 %, SD1: 135,36, Cortisolmetaboliten: 28,60 nmol/kg Kot). Die Auswertung der SD1-Werte zeigte zusätzlich noch eine hohe Stressbelastung der Pferde in der Variante 5 (pNN50: 44,83 %, SD1: 119,24 ms, Cortisolmetaboliten: 27,18 nmol/kg Kot). Die Haltungsvariante 2 (pNN50: 45,77 %, SD1: 144,25 ms, Cortisolmetaboliten: 27,59 nmol/kg Kot) beziehungsweise die Varianten 2 und 5 (bei der Betrachtung der pNN50- und der Cortisolmetabolitenwerte) verursachten im Durchschnitt eine mittlere Stressbelastung. Teilweise waren die Unterschiede jedoch zu gering um die Signifikanzgrenze zu überschreiten. Die Betrachtung der einzelnen Pferde und der Pferdegruppen ergab große interindividuelle Unterschiede und deutliche gruppenspezifische Gemeinsamkeiten. Die Position eines Tieres in der Rangordnung hatte in diesen Untersuchungen bei der Betrachtung der Mittelwerte keinen Einfluss auf die Stressbelastung in Abhängigkeit derHaltungsvariante. Vielmehr zeigten sich auch hier deutliche individuelle Unterschiede in der Stressanfälligkeit und den Vorlieben der einzelnen Pferde bezüglich der verschiedenen Haltungssysteme. Die Analyse der Videoaufzeichnungen ergab, dass mehrere Pferde Kreisbewegungen in der Einzelbox ohne Auslauf (Variante 1) zeigten, während in der Variante 2 (Paddockbox) kein Pferd durch Kreisbewegungen auffiel. Andere Verhaltensauffälligkeiten oder gar Verhaltensstörungen wurden nicht beobachtet. Bei der Auswertung der Aufenthaltshäufigkeit und der Aufenthaltesdauer in den 4 Boxenquadranten zeigten sich einige Pferde sehr aktiv, was ein Hinweis auf eventuelle Unruhe oder Nervosität sein kann, während andere Pferde im Vergleich zum Gruppendurchschnitt sehr ruhig wirkten, da sie sich in der Box kaum bewegten und über lange Zeitabschnitte in einem Quadranten standen. Obwohl die Gruppenhaltung für die Mehrzahl der Pferde eine geringere Stressbelastung bedeutete und auch hinsichtlich des Bewegungs- und Sozialverhaltens am artgerechtesteneinzustufen ist, sollte für jedes Pferd individuell unter Berücksichtigung seines Alters, seiner Rasse, seines Nutzungsgrades, aber vor allem seines Charakters und seiner Erfahrungen im Sozialverhalten ein passendes großzügig bemessenes Haltungssystem ermittelt werden, um die durch das Haltungssystem ausgeübte Stressbelastung zu minimieren und das Wohlbefinden der Pferde zu steigern.
[Horse-appropriate husbandry plays an important role in the current recreational use of sport horses, since close-to-nature husbandry conditions can only be realized in rare cases. All forms of stables must be seen as a compromise and thus offer both advantages and disadvantages. The current studies were aimed at documenting and comparatively judging the stress on horse in various husbandry systems. In the studies conducted from May 2006 to July 2007, 24 two- to three-year old Hanover mares were each kept for four weeks in a total of six different types of husbandry. The husbandry forms included the single box (Variation 1), single box with a freely accessible paddock (Variation 2), the common keeping of two horses in two boxes and an attached freely accessible yards (Variation 3) and group husbandry of six horses in a multi-room yards husbandry facility (Variations 4-6). Husbandry Variation 4 differs from Variations 5 and 6 through its non-divided lying area. In the Variations 5 and 6, the lying area of the group is divided through a dividing wall extending over half the width of the area. The dividing wall in husbandry variation 5 was at a right angle to the external wall, while in Variation 6 it was placed on the stable passage side of the lying areas. In order to create comparability with riding horses, all horses in the husbandry systems were moved for about one hour on an area in a free yard. The stress level was measured on the basis of heart frequency variability (Parameter pNN50 and SD1) and the determination of faecal Cortisol metabolites. In addition video evaluations were made of conspicuous behaviour in the Variations 1 and 2. The average lowest stress was experienced by the horses in Variation 4 (pNN50: 46.32 %, SD1: 158.58 ms, Cortisol metabolites: 21.01 nmol/kg faeces) and 6 (pNN50: 47.1 %, SD1: 144.62 ms, Cortisol metabolites: 21.01 nmol/kg faeces). The evaluation of the pNN50 and the Cortisol metabolite values resulted in the greatest stress for the horses in Variation 1(pNN50: 42.81 %, SD1: 134,52 ms, Cortisol metabolites: 28,56 nmol/kg faeces) and 3 (pNN50: 42.41 %, SD1: 135.36 ms, Cortisol metabolites: 28.60 nmol/kg faeces). The evaluation of the SD1 values also showed additional stress for the horses in Variation 5 (pNN50: 44.83 %, SD1: 119.24 ms, Cortisol metabolites: 27.18 nmol/kg faeces). Variation 2 (pNN50: 45.77 %, SD1: 144.25 ms, Cortisol metabolites: 27.59 nmol/kg faeces) or rather the Variations 2 and 5 (in observing the pNN50- and Cortisol metabolite values) caused on average a medium stress level. Sometimes the differences were too low to exceed the level of significance. The observation of individual horses and groups of horses resulted in great inter-individual differences and clear group-specific points in common. The position of the horse in the animal hierarchy had no influence on the stress on the animals in this study. Much more, the clear individual differences in susceptibility to stress and a preference of the individual horses for different husbandry systems. The analyses of the videos show that more horses showed circular movements in the single stable without a yard (Variation 1), while in Variation 2 no horse was conspicuous with circular movements. Other conspicuous or disturbed behaviour was not observed. In the evaluation of the frequency and duration of presence in the four quadrant boxes, some horses were very active, a sign of possible excitement or nervousness, while other horses appeared very quiet in comparison to the group average, since they hardly moved in the box and stood in the quadrants for longer periods of time. Although the group husbandry presented less stress for the majority of the horses, also in regard to the most animal appropriate movement and social behaviour, an individual evaluation of each horse should be made considering his age, race, and type of use, but above all considering his character and experiences in social behaviour in the appropriate husbandry system in order to minimize the stress caused by the husbandry system and to increase the horse’s well-being.] |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover |
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Hannover |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5960 |
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Dyer, J.R.G.; Johansson, A.; Helbing, D.; Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J. |
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Leadership, consensus decision making and collective behaviour in humans |
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2009 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
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364 |
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1518 |
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781-789 |
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* leadership * consensus decision making * collective behaviour * human group |
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This paper reviews the literature on leadership in vertebrate groups, including recent work on human groups, before presenting the results of three new experiments looking at leadership and decision making in small and large human groups. In experiment 1, we find that both group size and the presence of uninformed individuals can affect the speed with which small human groups (eight people) decide between two opposing directional preferences and the likelihood of the group splitting. In experiment 2, we show that the spatial positioning of informed individuals within small human groups (10 people) can affect the speed and accuracy of group motion. We find that having a mixture of leaders positioned in the centre and on the edge of a group increases the speed and accuracy with which the group reaches their target. In experiment 3, we use large human crowds (100 and 200 people) to demonstrate that the trends observed from earlier work using small human groups can be applied to larger crowds. We find that only a small minority of informed individuals is needed to guide a large uninformed group. These studies build upon important theoretical and empirical work on leadership and decision making in animal groups. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5122 |
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Tommasi, L. |
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Mechanisms and functions of brain and behavioural asymmetries |
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2009 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
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364 |
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1519 |
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855-859 |
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For almost a century the field of brain and behavioural asymmetries has been dominated by studies on humans, resting on the evidence that the anatomical structures underlying language functions are asymmetrical, and that human handedness is lateralized at the population level. Today, there is not only evidence of population-level lateralization of brain and behaviour across a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species, but also a growing consensus that the comparative analysis of the environmental and developmental factors that give origin to neural and behavioural laterality in animal models, together with theoretical analyses of their costs and benefits, will be crucial for understanding the evolutionary pathways that led to such a multifaceted phenomenon. The present theme issue provides a survey of theoretical, review and research work cutting across the biological and the cognitive sciences, focusing on various species of fishes, birds and primates (including humans) and emphasizing an integrative approach to the study of lateralization encompassing neural, behavioural, cognitive, developmental and environmental aspects. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5340 |
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Ghirlanda, S.; Frasnelli, E.; Vallortigara, G. |
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Intraspecific competition and coordination in the evolution of lateralization |
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2009 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
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364 |
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1519 |
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Recent studies have revealed a variety of left–right asymmetries among vertebrates and invertebrates. In many species, left- and right-lateralized individuals coexist, but in unequal numbers (‘population-level’ lateralization). It has been argued that brain lateralization increases individual efficiency (e.g. avoiding unnecessary duplication of neural circuitry and reducing interference between functions), thus counteracting the ecological disadvantages of lateral biases in behaviour (making individual behaviour more predictable to other organisms). However, individual efficiency does not require a definite proportion of left- and right-lateralized individuals. Thus, such arguments do not explain population-level lateralization. We have previously shown that, in the context of prey–predator interactions, population-level lateralization can arise as an evolutionarily stable strategy when individually asymmetrical organisms must coordinate their behaviour with that of other asymmetrical organisms. Here, we extend our model showing that populations consisting of left- and right-lateralized individuals in unequal numbers can be evolutionarily stable, based solely on strategic factors arising from the balance between antagonistic (competitive) and synergistic (cooperative) interactions. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5346 |
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Author |
Andrew, R.J.; Osorio, D.; Budaev, S. |
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Light during embryonic development modulates patterns of lateralization strongly and similarly in both zebrafish and chick |
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2009 |
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
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364 |
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1519 |
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983-989 |
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Some aspects of lateralization are widespread. This is clear for the association between left-eye (LE) use and readiness to respond intensely to releasing stimuli presented by others, which has been found in representatives of all major groups of tetrapods and in fishes. In the chick, this behavioural asymmetry is linked developmentally to greater ability to sustain response against distracting stimuli with right-eye (RE) use, in that both reverse with the reversal of the normal RE exposure to light. In the zebrafish, the same two asymmetries (normally) have similar associations with the LE and the RE, and both also reverse together (owing to epithalamic reversal). Here, we show that light exposure early in development is needed in zebrafish to generate both asymmetries. Dark development largely abolishes both the enhanced abilities, confirming their linkage. Resemblance to the chick is increased by the survival in the chick, after dark development, of higher ability to assess familiarity of complex stimuli when using the LE. A somewhat similar ability survives in dark-developed zebrafish. Here, LE use causes lesser reliance on a single recent experience than on longer term past experience in the assessment of novelty. Such resemblances between a fish and a bird suggest that we should look not only for resemblances between different groups of vertebrates in the most common overall pattern of lateralization, but also for possible resemblances in the nature of inter-individual variation and in the way in which it is generated during development. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5370 |
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