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| Author | Basile, M.; Boivin, S.; Boutin, A.; Blois-Heulin, C.; Hausberger, M.; Lemasson, A. | ||||
| Title | Socially dependent auditory laterality in domestic horses (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | Pages | 611-619 | |
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| Abstract | Laterality is now known to be an ubiquitous phenomenon among the vertebrates. Particularly, laterality of auditory processing has been demonstrated in a variety of species, especially songbirds and primates. Such a hemispheric specialization has been shown to depend on factors such as sound structure, species specificity and types of stimuli. Much less is known on the possible influence of social familiarity although a few studies suggest such an influence. Here we tested the influence of the degree of familiarity on the laterality of the auditory response in the domestic horse. This species is known for its social system and shows visible reactions to sounds, with one or two ears moving towards a sound source. By comparing such responses to the playback of different conspecific whinnies (group member, neighbor and stranger), we could demonstrate a clear left hemisphere (LH) preference for familiar neighbor calls while no preference was found for group member and stranger calls. Yet, we found an opposite pattern of ear side preference for neighbor versus stranger calls. These results are, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate auditory laterality in an ungulate species. They open further lines of thought on the influence of the social “value” of calls and the listener's arousal on auditory processing and laterality. | ||||
| Address | Universite de Rennes I, EthoS, Ethologie animale et humaine-UMR 6552-CNRS Station Biologique de Paimpont, 35380, Paimpont, France, basilemuriel@hotmail.com | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9456 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:19283416 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4761 | ||
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| Author | VanDierendonck, M.C.; de Vries, H.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Colenbrander, B.; Þorhallsdóttir, A.G. and Sigurjónsdóttir, H. | ||||
| Title | Interventions in social behaviour in a herd of mares and geldings | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 116 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 67-73 |
| Keywords | Horses; Social relationships; Interventions; Mares; Geldings; Play; Allogrooming; Social network | ||||
| Abstract | Social dynamics and maintenance of social cohesion were studied by analysing social interventions in two groups of horses consisting of adult mares, their offspring, adult geldings and sub-adults. The animals were observed for a total of 1316 h. All relevant dyadic and triadic social interactions, including initial behaviour, possible intervention and outcome, were recorded. The main question was: do horses use interventions in affiliative interactions to safeguard their social network? Horses were significantly more likely to intervene in allogrooming or play interactions that involved a preferred partner. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming, the higher the likelihood the intervener took over allogrooming with an initial dyad member. Interveners originating from two newly introduced groups (n = 3 and 5), intervened significantly more often when a member of their own group allogroomed with an unfamiliar horse. In play, no correlation with unfamiliarity was found. Overall, the intervening horses stopped more than half of the initial allogrooming interactions, and a third of all interactions. Therefore, social facilitation cannot sufficiently explain interference behaviour. This study shows that maintaining relationships with preferred partners is important to horses and has implications for equine husbandry and management. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4766 | ||
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| Author | Bourjade, M.; Thierry, B.; Maumy, M.; Petit, O. | ||||
| Title | Decision-making in Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) is driven by the ecological contexts of collective movements | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | Ethology |
| Volume | 115 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 321-330 |
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| Abstract | We addressed decision-making processes in the collective movements of two groups of Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) living in a semi free-ranging population. We investigated whether different patterns of group movement are related to certain ecological contexts (habitat use and group activity) and analysed the possible decision-making processes involved. We found two distinct patterns; ‘single-bout’ and ‘multiplebout’ movements occurred in both study groups. The movements were defined by the occurrence of collective stops between bouts and differed by their duration, distance covered and ecological context. For both movements, we found that a preliminary period involving several horses occurred before departure. In single-bout movements, all group members rapidly joined the first moving horse, independently of the preliminary period. In multiple-bout movements, however, the joining process was longer; in particular when the number of decision-makers and their pre-departure behaviour before departure increased. Multiplebout movements were more often used by horses to switch habitats and activities. This observation demonstrates that the horses need more time to resolve motivational conflicts before these departures. We conclude that decision-making in Przewalski horses is based on a shared consensus process driven by ecological determinants. |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4801 | ||
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| Author | Heleski, C.R.; McGreevy, P.D.; Kaiser, L.J.; Lavagnino, M.; Tans, E.; Bello, N.; Clayton, H.M. | ||||
| Title | Effects on behaviour and rein tension on horses ridden with or without martingales and rein inserts | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | The Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 181 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 56-62 |
| Keywords | Horse behaviour; Horse welfare; Equitation science; Rein tension; Martingales | ||||
| Abstract | Unsteady hand position can cause discomfort to the horse, potentially leading to conflict behaviours (CB) such as head tossing or tail lashing. Some instructors feel that martingales or elastic rein inserts can reduce discomfort caused by inexperienced and unsteady hands. Others consider these devices to be inappropriate [`]crutches'. Four horses and nine riders were tested under three conditions in random order: plain reins, adjustable training martingales (TM), and elasticised rein inserts (RI). Rein-tension data (7Â s) and behavioural data (30Â s) were collected in each direction. Rein-tension data were collected via strain-gauge transducers. Behavioural data were assessed using an ethogram of defined behaviours. No differences in the number of CB were observed. Mean rein tension for TM was higher than that of RI or controls. Relative to the withers, the head was lower for horses ridden with martingales. Carefully fitted martingales may have a place in riding schools that teach novices. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1090-0233 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4807 | ||
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| Author | Goodwin, D.; McGreevy, P.; Waran, N.; McLean, A. | ||||
| Title | How equitation science can elucidate and refine horsemanship techniques | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | The Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Special Issue: Equitation Science |
| Volume | 181 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 5-11 |
| Keywords | Horse; Training; Equitation; Learning theory; Ethology; Cognition | ||||
| Abstract | The long-held belief that human dominance and equine submission are key to successful training and that the horse must be taught to [`]respect' the trainer infers that force is often used during training. Many horses respond by trialling unwelcome evasions, resistances and flight responses, which readily become established. When unable to cope with problem behaviours, some handlers in the past might have been encouraged to use harsh methods or devices while others may have called in a so-called [`]good horseman' or [`]horse whisperer' to remediate the horse. Frequently, the approaches such practitioners offer could not be applied by the horse's owner or trainer because of their lack of understanding or inability to apply the techniques. Often it seemed that these [`]horse-people' had magical ways with horses (e.g., they only had to whisper to them) that achieved impressive results although they had little motivation to divulge their techniques. As we begin to appreciate how to communicate with horses sensitively and consistently, misunderstandings and misinterpretations by horse and trainer should become less common. Recent studies have begun to reveal what comprises the simplest, most humane and most effective mechanisms in horse training and these advances are being matched by greater sharing of knowledge among practitioners. Indeed, various practitioners of what is referred to here as [`]natural horsemanship' now use techniques similar to the [`]whisperers' of old, but they are more open about their methods. Reputable horse trainers using natural horsemanship approaches are talented observers of horse behaviour and respond consistently and swiftly to the horse's subtle cues during training. For example, in the roundpen these trainers apply an aversive stimulus to prompt a flight response and then, when the horse slows down, moves toward them, or offers space-reducing affiliative signals, the trainer immediately modifies his/her agonistic signals, thus negatively reinforcing the desired response. Learning theory and equine ethology, the fundamentals of the emerging discipline of equitation science, can be used to explain almost all the behaviour modification that goes on in these contexts and in conventional horsemanship. By measuring and evaluating what works and what does not, equitation science has the potential to have a unifying effect on traditional practices and developing branches of equitation. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1090-0233 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4826 | ||
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| Author | Fedurek, P.; Dunbar, R. I. M. | ||||
| Title | What Does Mutual Grooming Tell Us About Why Chimpanzees Groom? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | Ethology |
| Volume | 115 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 566 - 575 |
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| Abstract | Grooming might be a resource that is offered in exchange for some benefit (e.g. access to a feeding site or coalitionary support) or it might be a mechanism for building and servicing social relationships, whose function, in turn, is to facilitate the exchange of resources and services. Bi-directional (or simultaneous mutual) grooming is unusually common among chimpanzees (though rare in other primates) and we suggest that this might be because it is an especially strong indicator of social bonding. Because the bonding role of bi-directional grooming offers substantially different predictions from the interpretation offered by the models based on reciprocal altruism (RA), we use a critical tests methodology (i.e. tests that unequivocally support one hypothesis at the expense of the other) to differentiate between the bonding and RA hypotheses. We use data on the dynamics of grooming interactions from a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to show that dominant individuals tolerated the individuals with whom they performed bi-directional grooming more than they did those who typically provided them unidirectional grooming. Dominants rejected and terminated grooming sessions more often with the individuals who provided them with mostly unidirectional grooming than with those with whom they groomed bi-directionally. In addition, animals engaged in bi-directional grooming more often with both relatives and those with whom they were often in proximity. These results support the bonding model of mutually reciprocated grooming at the expense of the RA model, and suggest that, at least in chimpanzees, simultaneous mutual grooming may play a particularly important role in social bonding. | ||||
| Address | School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK DOI – 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01637.x | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | © 2009 Blackwell Verlag GmbH | Editor |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4941 | ||
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| Author | Fureix, C.; Jego, P.; Sankey, C.; Hausberger, M. | ||||
| Title | How horses (Equus caballus) see the world: humans as significant “objects” | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 643-654 |
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| Abstract | Abstract  This study aimed to determine whether horses have a kind of memory of humans (based on previous interactions), leading to a general significance of humans revealed by their reactions to humans in subsequent interactions. Subjects were 59 adult horses used to interact daily with humans. Three types of behavioural tests involving an unknown experimenter evaluated three possibly different memorized types of human–animal interactions (not work-related, using work-related objects, unfamiliar working task). We also performed standardized observations of routine interactions between each horse and its familiar handler (caretaker). To get a broad overview of the horses’ reactions to humans, we recorded both investigative and aggressive behaviours during the tests, representing respectively a “positive†and a “negative†memory of the relationship. Whereas correlations between tests revealed a general perception of humans as either positive or negative, unusual tests, i.e. that are not usually performed, elicited more positive reactions. Moreover, some horses reacted positively to a motionless person in their box, but negatively when this same person approached them, for example for halter fitting. Overall, aggressive reactions were more reliable indicators of the relationship than positive reactions, both between tests and between familiar and unfamiliar humans. Our results also show generalization of the perception of humans. These results support our hypothesis that perception of humans by horses may be based on experience, i.e. repeated interactions. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that horses can form a memory of humans that impacts their reactions in subsequent interactions. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4942 | ||
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| Author | Harrison, S.A.; Tong, F. | ||||
| Title | Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume | 458 | Issue | 7238 | Pages | 632-635 |
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| Abstract | Visual working memory provides an essential link between perception and higher cognitive functions, allowing for the active maintenance of information about stimuli no longer in view1, 2. Research suggests that sustained activity in higher-order prefrontal, parietal, inferotemporal and lateral occipital areas supports visual maintenance3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and may account for the limited capacity of working memory to hold up to 3–4 items9, 10, 11. Because higher-order areas lack the visual selectivity of early sensory areas, it has remained unclear how observers can remember specific visual features, such as the precise orientation of a grating, with minimal decay in performance over delays of many seconds12. One proposal is that sensory areas serve to maintain fine-tuned feature information13, but early visual areas show little to no sustained activity over prolonged delays14, 15, 16. Here we show that orientations held in working memory can be decoded from activity patterns in the human visual cortex, even when overall levels of activity are low. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and pattern classification methods, we found that activity patterns in visual areas V1–V4 could predict which of two oriented gratings was held in memory with mean accuracy levels upwards of 80%, even in participants whose activity fell to baseline levels after a prolonged delay. These orientation-selective activity patterns were sustained throughout the delay period, evident in individual visual areas, and similar to the responses evoked by unattended, task-irrelevant gratings. Our results demonstrate that early visual areas can retain specific information about visual features held in working memory, over periods of many seconds when no physical stimulus is present. | ||||
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| Publisher | Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved | Place of Publication | Editor |
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | 10.1038/nature07832 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4944 | ||
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| Author | Hothersall, B.; Nicol, C. | ||||
| Title | Role of Diet and Feeding in Normal and Stereotypic Behaviors in Horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice | Abbreviated Journal | Clinical Nutrition |
| Volume | 25 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 167-181 |
| Keywords | Equine behavior; Diet; Crib-biting; Stereotypy; Weaning; Tryptophan; Insulin | ||||
| Abstract | This article reviews the effects of diet on equine feeding behavior and feeding patterns, before considering the evidence that diet affects reactivity in horses. A growing body of work suggests that fat- and fiber-based diets may result in calmer patterns of behavior, and possible mechanisms that may underpin these effects are discussed. In contrast, there is little evidence that herbal- or tryptophan-containing supplements influence equine behavior in any measurable way. The role of diet in the development of abnormal oral behaviors, particularly the oral stereotypy crib-biting, is also reviewed, and suggestions for future work are presented. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0749-0739 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4945 | ||
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| Author | Jennings, D.J.; Carlin, C.M.; Gammell, M.P. | ||||
| Title | A winner effect supports third-party intervention behaviour during fallow deer, Dama dama, fights | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 77 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 343-348 |
| Keywords | Dama dama; dominance; fallow deer fight; third-party intervention; winner effect | ||||
| Abstract | Male ungulates engage in intense competition for access to females during the breeding season. Although fights are generally dyadic level encounters, they are on occasion disrupted by the intervention of third-party males. We investigated these third-party interventions using predictions derived from Dugatkin's model (Dugatkin 1998, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 265, 433-437) of intervention behaviour. The model argues that when an individual successfully defeats an opponent there is an increase in the probability of winning a subsequent contest: a winner effect. Third-party intervention behaviour is predicted to occur as it serves to prevent either member of a competing dyad from successfully defeating his opponent, achieving a winner effect and subsequently becoming a threat to the intervener. Consistent with model predictions, our results show that intervening males held significantly higher rank than males that did not intervene and were also more likely to be dominant to both of the competing males. Intervening males did not selectively target competitors based on rank, nor did they target males based on overall dyadic rates of aggression between the intervener and competing males. Furthermore, interveners were more likely to have won their interaction immediately prior to intervention and were also likely to win their interaction subsequent to intervention when compared with contest success of the two competing males. Our results are consistent with predictions that support a winner effect for intervention behaviour in fallow deer fights. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4946 | ||
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