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Author Christensen, J.W.; Malmkvist, J.; Nielsen, B.L.; Keeling, L.J. doi  openurl
  Title Effects of a calm companion on fear reactions in naive test horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J  
  Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 46-50  
  Keywords (down)  
  Abstract REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: In fear-eliciting situations, horses tend to show flight reactions that can be dangerous for both horse and man. Finding appropriate methods for reducing fearfulness in horses has important practical implications. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the presence of a calm companion horse influences fear reactions in naive subject horses. HYPOTHESES: The presence of a habituated (calm) companion horse in a fear-eliciting situation can reduce fear reactions in naive subject horses, compared to subject horses with a nonhabituated companion (control). METHODS: Minimally handled (n = 36), 2-year-old stallions were used, 18 as subjects and 18 as companions. Companion horses (n = 9) were habituated to an otherwise frightening, standardised test stimulus (calm companions), whereas the rest (n = 9) of the companion horses remained nonhabituated (control companions). During the test, unique pairs of companion and subject horses were exposed to the test stimulus while heart rate and behavioural responses were registered. Subsequently, subject horses were exposed to the stimulus on their own (post test). RESULTS: Subject horses, paired with a calm companion horse, showed less fear-related behaviour and lower heart rate responses compared to subject horses with control companions. Results from the post test suggest that the difference between treatment groups remained in the subsequent absence of companion horses. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: It appears possible to reduce fear reactions in young, naive horses by allowing them to interact with a calm companion horse in fear-eliciting situations.  
  Address Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:18083659 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4355  
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Author IESM 2008 Test openurl 
  Title Presentation without Fulltext Type Conference Article
  Year 2008 Publication IESM Conference Volume Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 1 Issue Pages 5-10  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes IESM 2008 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4366  
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Author Krueger, K. doi  openurl
  Title Social Ecology of Horses Type Book Chapter
  Year 2008 Publication Ecology of Social Evolution Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 195-206  
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  Abstract Horses (Equidae ) are believed to clearly demonstrate the links between ecology and social organization. Their social cognitive abilities enable them to succeed in many different environments, including those provided for them by humans, or the ones domestic horses encounter when escaping from their human care takers. Living in groups takes different shapes in equids. Their aggregation and group cohesion can be explained by Hamilton“s selfish herd theory. However, when an individual joins and to which group it joins appears to be an active individual decision depending on predation pressure, intra group harassment and resource availability. The latest research concerning the social knowledge horses display in eavesdropping experiments affirms the need for an extension of simple herd concepts in horses for a cognitive component. Horses obviously realize the social composition of their group and determine their own position in it. The horses exceedingly flexible social behavior demands for explanations about the cognitive mechanisms, which allow them to make individual decisions. ”Ecology conditions like those that favour the evolution of open behavioural programs sometimes also favour the evolution of the beginnings of consciousness, by favouring conscious choice. Or in other words, consciousness originates with the choice that are left open by open behavioural programs." Popper (1977)  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Springer Verlag Place of Publication Heidelberg Editor j. Korb and J. Heinze  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4387  
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Author Schmied, C.; Boivin, X.; Waiblinger, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Stroking Different Body Regions of Dairy Cows: Effects on Avoidance and Approach Behavior Toward Humans Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication J. Dairy Sci. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 91 Issue 2 Pages 596-605  
  Keywords (down)  
  Abstract Understanding perception of dairy cows to common human contact such as stroking is important for improving the human-animal relationship, animal welfare, and production. We hypothesized that repeated stroking of body regions licked most during social grooming, especially the ventral neck, would reduce cows' avoidance of and increase their approach to humans. Sixty tethered dairy cows were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups that received 5 min of daily human contact 5 d/wk during 3 consecutive weeks: 3 groups were stroked on different body regions. The first group was stroked on the ventral part of the neck (neck); the second group on the withers (both licked often in social grooming); the third group on the lateral side of the chest (chest, licked rarely); and the last group (control) was exposed to simple human presence. The reactions to the person who had provided the treatment were measured using 2 tests in the home tie-stall assessing avoidance from an approaching person who tried to touch the head (approaching person test) and avoidance/approach reactions to a stationary person (stationary person test). Approach behavior was recorded in a novel environment using a standard arena test. In the home tie-stall, cows stroked on the neck showed less avoidance (median avoidance score: 3.33) in the approaching person test compared with cows stroked on the chest and the controls (both: 4.00). That is, at least 75% of the animals stroked on the neck tolerated the touching of their heads (75th percentile [≤] 3.75), whereas at least 50% of the cows in the other treatment groups did not accept it. The stationary person test did not reveal any differences between the treatment groups. In the arena test, the 3 stroked groups showed more approach behavior (median latencies to contact: from 145 to 240 s) compared with simple human presence (300 s), but stroking treatments did not differ from each other. Stroking, particularly the neck, reduced avoidance of and increased approach reactions to humans in both the home tie-stall and the arena. Increasing acceptance of being touched after being stroked on the neck suggests that this procedure should be adopted to improve routine handling of dairy cattle.  
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  Notes 10.3168/jds.2007-0360 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4551  
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Author Milinski, M.; Rockenbach, B. doi  openurl
  Title Human behaviour: Punisher pays Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 452 Issue 7185 Pages 297-298  
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  Abstract The tendency of humans to punish perceived free-loaders, even at a cost to themselves, is an evolutionary puzzle: punishers perish, and those who benefit the most are those who have never punished at all.

Humans are champions of cooperation. Reciprocity – the idea that, if I help you this time, you'll help me next time1 – is a secret of our success.
 
  Address  
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  Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1038/452297a Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4405  
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Author Dreber, A.; Rand, D.G.; Fudenberg, D.; Nowak, M.A. doi  openurl
  Title Winners don/'t punish Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume 452 Issue 7185 Pages 348-351  
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  Abstract A key aspect of human behaviour is cooperation1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. We tend to help others even if costs are involved. We are more likely to help when the costs are small and the benefits for the other person significant. Cooperation leads to a tension between what is best for the individual and what is best for the group. A group does better if everyone cooperates, but each individual is tempted to defect. Recently there has been much interest in exploring the effect of costly punishment on human cooperation8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Costly punishment means paying a cost for another individual to incur a cost. It has been suggested that costly punishment promotes cooperation even in non-repeated games and without any possibility of reputation effects10. But most of our interactions are repeated and reputation is always at stake. Thus, if costly punishment is important in promoting cooperation, it must do so in a repeated setting. We have performed experiments in which, in each round of a repeated game, people choose between cooperation, defection and costly punishment. In control experiments, people could only cooperate or defect. Here we show that the option of costly punishment increases the amount of cooperation but not the average payoff of the group. Furthermore, there is a strong negative correlation between total payoff and use of costly punishment. Those people who gain the highest total payoff tend not to use costly punishment: winners don't punish. This suggests that costly punishment behaviour is maladaptive in cooperation games and might have evolved for other reasons.  
  Address  
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  Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1038/nature06723 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4406  
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Author Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 319 Issue 5871 Pages 1842-1845  
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  Abstract Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1126/science.1152837 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4408  
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Author Li, W.; Howard, J.D.; Parrish, T.B.; Gottfried, J.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Supporting Online Material to: Aversive Learning Enhances Perceptual and Cortical Discrimination of Indiscriminable Odor Cues Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 319 Issue 5871 Pages 1842-1845  
  Keywords (down)  
  Abstract Learning to associate sensory cues with threats is critical for minimizing aversive experience. The ecological benefit of associative learning relies on accurate perception of predictive cues, but how aversive learning enhances perceptual acuity of sensory signals, particularly in humans, is unclear. We combined multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging with olfactory psychophysics to show that initially indistinguishable odor enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) become discriminable after aversive conditioning, paralleling the spatial divergence of ensemble activity patterns in primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Our findings indicate that aversive learning induces piriform plasticity with corresponding gains in odor enantiomer discrimination, underscoring the capacity of fear conditioning to update perceptual representation of predictive cues, over and above its well-recognized role in the acquisition of conditioned responses. That completely indiscriminable sensations can be transformed into discriminable percepts further accentuates the potency of associative learning to enhance sensory cue perception and support adaptive behavior.  
  Address  
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  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1126/science.1152837 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4409  
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Author Cregier, S.; Holmes, O. pdf  openurl
  Title The Welfare of Horses During Transport Type Conference Article
  Year 2008 Publication IESM 2008 Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
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  Abstract Standard horse trailers, adapted from dead-weight delivery wagons, were never intended to carry live weight. Horse magazines and scientific, veterinary, animal behaviour, and engineering journals indicate the consequences: scrambling, trailer sway, equipment damage, loss of tow vehicle control, jack knifing, rollovers, and injuries to horses, handlers, and rescuers. The standard horse trailer cannot meet motor vehicle regulations requiring trailers to halt within 9 metres (30 feet) at 32 kilometres (20 miles) per hour without jack knifing. Equipment intended to protect the horse in transit adds to travel hazards. University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary Clinic surgeons report that head, throat, chest, shattered shoulder blades, butt bar or chain injuries to hocks and legs, and pastern injuries, in that order, are common. Internal, back, and hindquarter injuries also result due to the horse“s forced high-headed, wider hindleg stance or falling during transport. The horse”s sacroiliac joint, not intended to be weight bearing, is easily dislocated by pathologists. This is why for centuries horsemen have released tension from horses“ backs and necks by ”showing them the way to the ground.“ It was Italian cavalryman Federico Caprilli”s forward seat which removed strain on the horse“s hindquarters and freed its head to balance. More demanding jumps, slides and races were possible. Today, only two horse transport designs allow the horse to balance automatically and naturally during transit. Strain on the horse”s hindquarters is removed. These transports, adapted to equine behavioural needs, meet Office International des Epizooties (OIE) standards for handler and horse safety and welfare, and automotive safety. Japanese and U.S. studies on performance horses transported according to OIE standards have indicated that these horses have a competitive advantage. Applying these standards allows a horseman to complete a journey with the same horse that began it.  
  Address University of Prince Edward Island  
  Corporate Author Cregier, S. Thesis  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference IESM 2008  
  Notes Invited speaker IESM 2008 Fullpaper Approved yes  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4455  
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Author Houpt, K.A. pdf  openurl
  Title Maternal behavior in horses Type Conference Article
  Year 2008 Publication IESM 2008 Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords (down)  
  Abstract Mares quickly form a bond with their foals, probably within the first hour. They lick the foal usually beginning at the tail end, then the head and later the body of the foal. Licking behavior disappears within the first hours in most mares. Once the bond is formed the mare will let no other foal nurse and stays within a meter of the foal most of the time during the first week. The foal follows her when awake, but when he sleeps she stands over him. As the foal matures the distance the mare maintains from the foals get longer and she may graze as he sleeps. The bond of the mother to the foal gradually weakens as revealed by her response to separation from the foal. Weaning usually takes place shortly before the birth of the next foal. Some mares will attempt to steal foals and this can lead to injury of either the mares or the foal. Because of the strong and exclusive bond of most mares to their foal, foal rejection is especially abnormal. It occurs in some breeds more frequently than others, indicating a heritable component. Arabian mares reject 5% of their foals and other breeds reject less than 2%. There are three types of foal rejection- simple fear of the foal that can be quickly solved by holding the mare so the foal can suckle. The mare learns that nursing is pleasurable. This process usually takes only a few hours of holding the mare because foals suckle so frequently- about four times an hours. The second form of foal rejection is avoidance of tactile stimulation of the inguinal fold. When the foal attempts to suckle he usually strikes that skin fold and causes the mare to cow kick and move away. Desensitization to stimulation of the inguinal fold can solve this problem in a few hours. Treatment is more complex and longer for mares that are aggressive to the foal even when it does not touch them. This type of foal rejection can be treated with drugs that inhibit dopamine such as acepromazine-not the alpha adrenergic agent xylazine. Dopamine inhibits the pituitary hormone prolactin, a putative maternal hormone, which increases milk production. Blocking dopamine will increase prolactin. The mare should always have visual contact with the foal, but be restrained so she can not bite or kick the foal. A pole across the stall confining the mare against a wall is best. Maternal behavior can be induced in non-pregnant mares using injections of estrogen, progesterone, and the dopamine inhibitor sulpiride. Once lactation begins cervical stimulation can be used to elicit maternal behavior toward the next foal the mare sees.  
  Address Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853  
  Corporate Author Houpt, K.A. Thesis  
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  Area Expedition Conference IESM 2008  
  Notes Invited speaker IESM 2008 Approved yes  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4456  
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