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Author Ninomiya, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Social leaning and stereotypy in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue Pages 22-23  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 620  
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Author Ladewig, J. url  doi
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  Title Clever Hans is still whinnying with us Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 20-21  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 631  
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Author Goodwin, D. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Equine learning behaviour: What we know, what we don't and future research priorities Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue Pages 17-19  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 634  
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Author Houpt, K.A. url  doi
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  Title Imprinting training and conditioned taste aversion Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue Pages 14-16  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 628  
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Author Murphy, J.; Arkins, S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Equine learning behaviour Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 1-13  
  Keywords Horse; Behaviour; Learning; Processes; Memory  
  Abstract Scientists and equestrians continually seek to achieve a clearer understanding of equine learning behaviour and its implications for training. Behavioural and learning processes in the horse are likely to influence not only equine athletic success but also the usefulness of the horse as a domesticated species. However given the status and commercial importance of the animal, equine learning behaviour has received only limited investigation. Indeed most experimental studies on equine cognitive function to date have addressed behaviour, learning and conceptualisation processes at a moderately basic cognitive level compared to studies in other species. It is however, likely that the horses with the greatest ability to learn and form/understand concepts are those, which are better equipped to succeed in terms of the human-horse relationship and the contemporary training environment. Within equitation generally, interpretation of the behavioural processes and training of the desired responses in the horse are normally attempted using negative reinforcement strategies. On the other hand, experimental designs to actually induce and/or measure equine learning rely almost exclusively on primary positive reinforcement regimes. Employing two such different approaches may complicate interpretation and lead to difficulties in identifying problematic or undesirable behaviours in the horse. The visual system provides the horse with direct access to immediate environmental stimuli that affect behaviour but vision in the horse is of yet not fully investigated or understood. Further investigations of the equine visual system will benefit our understanding of equine perception, cognitive function and the subsequent link with learning and training. More detailed comparative investigations of feral or free-ranging and domestic horses may provide useful evidence of attention, stress and motivational issues affecting behavioural and learning processes in the horse. The challenge for scientists is, as always, to design and commission experiments that will investigate and provide insight into these processes in a manner that withstands scientific scrutiny.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 629  
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Author McCall, C.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Making equine learning research applicable to training procedures Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 27-28  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 623  
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Author Cooper, J.J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Equine learning behaviour: Common knowledge and systematic research Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 76 Issue Pages 24-26  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 630  
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Author Forkman, B.; Boissy, A.; Meunier-Salaün, M.-C.; Canali, E.; Jones, R.B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Physiology & Behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.  
  Volume 92 Issue 3 Pages 340-374  
  Keywords Fear; Cattle; Sheep; Pig; Poultry; Horse; Open field; Tonic immobility; Novel object  
  Abstract FORKMAN, B., A., BOISSY, M.-C., SALAUN, E., CANALI, AND R.B., JONES. A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 000-000, 2007. Fear is arguably the most commonly investigated emotion in domestic animals. In the current review we attempt to establish the level of repeatability and validity found for fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, poultry and horses. We focus the review on the three most common types of fear tests: the arena test (open field), the novel object test, and the restraint test. For some tests, e.g. tonic immobility in poultry, there is a good and broad literature on factors that affect the outcome of the test, the validity of the test and its age dependency. However, there are comparatively few of these well defined and validated tests and what is especially missing for most tests is information on the robustness, i.e., what aspects can be changed without affecting the validity of the tests. The relative absence of standardized tests hampers the development of applied ethology as a science.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4811  
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Author Mormède, P.; Andanson, S.; Aupérin, B.; Beerda, B.; Guémené, D.; Malmkvist, J.; Manteca, X.; Manteuffel, G.; Prunet, P.; van Reenen, C.G.; Richard, S.; Veissier, I. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Exploration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Physiology & Behavior Abbreviated Journal Physiol. Behav.  
  Volume 92 Issue 3 Pages 317-339  
  Keywords Stress; Animal welfare; HPA axis; Glucocorticoid hormones; Acth; Dexamethasone suppression test; Cattle; Pig; Fur animals; Mink; Fox; Poultry; Fish  
  Abstract Measuring HPA axis activity is the standard approach to the study of stress and welfare in farm animals. Although the reference technique is the use of blood plasma to measure glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol or corticosterone), several alternative methods such as the measurement of corticosteroids in saliva, urine or faeces have been developed to overcome the stress induced by blood sampling itself. In chronic stress situations, as is frequently the case in studies about farm animal welfare, hormonal secretions are usually unchanged but dynamic testing allows the demonstration of functional changes at several levels of the system, including the sensitization of the adrenal cortex to ACTH and the resistance of the axis to feedback inhibition by corticosteroids (dexamethasone suppression test). Beyond these procedural aspects, the main pitfall in the use of HPA axis activity is in the interpretation of experimental data. The large variability of the system has to be taken into consideration, since corticosteroid hormone secretion is usually pulsatile, follows diurnal and seasonal rhythms, is influenced by feed intake and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, age and physiological state, just to cite the main sources of variation. The corresponding changes reflect the important role of glucocorticoid hormones in a number of basic physiological processes such as energy metabolism and central nervous system functioning. Furthermore, large differences have been found across species, breeds and individuals, which reflect the contribution of genetic factors and environmental influences, especially during development, in HPA axis functioning. Usually, these results will be integrated with data from behavioral observation, production and pathology records in a comprehensive approach of farm animal welfare.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4454  
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Author Hübener, Eberhard url  openurl
  Title Horse-Appropriate Aids And Their Timer Type Manuscript
  Year 2007 Publication www.reiten-lesen-denken.de Abbreviated Journal  
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  Abstract Harmony between man and horse, and the rider`s understanding of the function of a horse`s body and mind – these are things that knowledgeable horsemen have demanded for centuries. Constant, focussed attention enables the horse to understand barely visible signals from its herd leader or its rider (!) and to act upon them instantly. Thus it is not necessary to treat a horse as if it were either unwilling or deaf.

When the rider sits in perfect balance, his leg tends to fall “self-actively” against the horse`s trunk as it swings away when the horse`s hind leg on the same side moves forwards. This is the only moment in which a horse is able to immediately follow the signal from the rider to move forwards, sideways, or to hold back. Video footage proves what we already knew more than a hundred years ago, but which our sports organisations have somehow managed to forget. Of course we should not let our leg fall against the horse all the time, because then the horse will not register this as a signal. It is explained how to “switch on” and “switch off” the leg signals.

For the equestrian standards in this country, it is essential that young riders are familiarized with the “self-active” leg, as soon as they are halfway firm in the saddle. Youngsters learn this easily and never forget it again; it is far more difficult for adults, as the pelvic ring is no longer so flexible. As there is a definite lack of good riding lessons, an instructive video on this subject would be extremely useful. Sponsors are urgently required!

For riders who have mastered the balanced seat and can feel how their leg falls against the horse`s trunk as it swings away, riding becomes primarily a matter of self discipline.

If we do not examine these matters scientifically, we are in danger of loosing the most important elements of the equestrian art. With this thought in mind, the author uses this essay to argue once again for interdisciplinary research of equitation at universities, and for the support of these projects by high ranking organisations.		  
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  Call Number Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ Serial 4320  
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