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| Author | Scheumann, M.; Rabesandratana, A.; Zimmermann, E. | ||||
| Title | Predation, Communication, and Cognition in Lemurs | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication  |
Primate Anti-Predator Strategies | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 100-126 | ||
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| Abstract | Predation represents an important selective force shaping the evolution of primate behavior. Primates confronted with predators have evolved various strategies to minimize the probability of being eaten. Predation risk and hunting styles of predators should have selected for communicative and cognitive abilities linked to socioecology and life history. As studies on several socially cohesive mammals indicate, the study of anti-predator behavior represents an important tool for gaining insight into cognition, e.g., to understand how animals classify objects and events in the world around them (e.g., marmots: Blumstein, 1999; vervet monkeys: Seyfarth et al., 1980; Diana monkeys: Zuberbhler, 2000; suricates: Manser et al., 2002). | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3103 | ||
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| Author | Warneken, F.; Hare, B.; Melis, A.P.; Hanus, D.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title | Spontaneous Altruism by Chimpanzees and Young Children | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
PLoS Biol | Abbreviated Journal | PLoS Biol |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 7 | Pages | e184 EP - |
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| Abstract | <p>Experimental evidence reveals that chimpanzees will help other unrelated humans and conspecifics without a reward, showing that they share crucial aspects of altruism with humans.</p> | ||||
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| Publisher | Public Library of Science | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5609 | ||
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| Author | Hübener, Eberhard | ||||
| Title | Pferdgerechte Hilfen und der Zeitgeber dafür | Type | Journal | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
Piaffe | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 1/2007 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Harmonie zwischen Mensch und Pferd und Verständnis des Reiters für körperliche Beschaffenheit und Verhaltensweise des Pferdes fordern wahre Hippologen seit Jahrhunderten. Dauernde intensive Aufmerksamkeit ermöglicht dem Pferd, kaum sichtbare Signale des Leittiers oder des Reiters (!) wahrzunehmen und blitzschnell zu befolgen. Wir müssen mit dem Pferd also nicht umgehen, als sei es unwillig oder taub. Wenn der Reiter in perfekter Balance sitzt, möchte sein Schenkel während des Vorsetzens des gleichseitigen Pferde-Hinterbeins “selbsttätig” an den wegschwingenden Pferderumpf fallen. Dies ist der einzige Moment, in dem das Pferd eine vorwärtstreibende, seitwärtstreibende oder verhaltende Einwirkung des Reiters unmittelbar befolgen kann. Video-Aufnahmen bestätigen, was wir bereits vor über hundert Jahren wußten, was dann in unserer “Sportorganisation” aber irgendwie in Vergessenheit geriet. Natürlich dürfen wir den Schenkel nicht ständig ans Pferd fallen lassen, weil das Pferd das dann nicht mehr als Signal wertet. Wie die Schenkeleinwirkung 'an-' und 'abstellbar' ist, wird erläutert. Für das reiterliche Niveau hierzulande ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, daß junge Reiter an der Basis mit dem “selbsttätigen Schenkel” vertraut gemacht werden, sobald sie halbwegs sattelfest geworden sind. Jugendliche erlernen ihn spielend und verlieren ihn nie mehr, Erwachsene haben es da mangels ausreichender Beweglichkeit ihres Beckenringes wesentlich schwerer. Angesichts des höchst unzureichenden Angebotes guten Reitunterrichts könnte ein Lehr-Video zu diesem Thema überaus nützlich sein. Sponsoren dafür werden hier gesucht! Für Reiter, die den Balancesitz beherrschen und somit fühlen, wie ihre Schenkel an den wegschwingenden Pferderumpf fallen, ist Reiten fortan im Wesentlichen Selbstdisziplin. Daß wir wichtigste Elemente der Reitkunst verlieren können, wenn wir uns nicht mehr wissenschaftlich mit ihrem Inhalt auseinandersetzen, ist für den Autor Anlaß, sich in diesem Aufsatz erneut für interdisziplinäre universitäre Forschung zur Reitlehre und für die Unterstützung solcher Projekte durch die Spitzenorganisation einzusetzen. |
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| Publisher | Wu Wei Verlag | Place of Publication | D-86938 Schondorf | Editor | |
| Language | Deutsch | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ | Serial | 4319 | ||
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| Author | Li, F.-H.; Zhong, W.-Q.; Wang, Z.; Wang, D.-H. | ||||
| Title | Rank in a food competition test and humoral immune functions in male Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
Physiology & behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume | 90 | Issue | 2-3 | Pages | 490-495 |
| Keywords | Animals; Antibody Formation/*physiology; Arvicolinae/immunology/*physiology; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; *Dominance-Subordination; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Hydrocortisone/blood; Male; *Social Dominance; Spleen/immunology/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Social status can influence an animal's immune and reproductive functions, eventually leading to alterations in immunocompetence and reproductive success. Here, we report that rank assessed in a food competition test, considered as an index of social status, has significant influences on humoral immune functions in male Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) living in a group. Our data reveal a negative correlation of the spleen mass and serum antibody levels with social status, as well as a positive correlation of serum cortisol levels with social status. Males winning in food competition had a smaller spleen, a lower level of serum antibodies, and a higher level of serum cortisol than did their conspecific counterparts. These data indicate interactions between social status and humoral immune functions and might illustrate a trade-off between infection risks and reproductive success in male Brandt's voles. | ||||
| Address | State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 25 Beisihuan Xilu, Zhongguancun, Haidian, Beijing 100080, China | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0031-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:17141282 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 804 | ||
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| Author | Mormède, P.; Andanson, S.; Aupérin, B.; Beerda, B.; Guémené, D.; Malmkvist, J.; Manteca, X.; Manteuffel, G.; Prunet, P.; van Reenen, C.G.; Richard, S.; Veissier, I. | ||||
| Title | Exploration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
Physiology & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume | 92 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 317-339 |
| Keywords | Stress; Animal welfare; HPA axis; Glucocorticoid hormones; Acth; Dexamethasone suppression test; Cattle; Pig; Fur animals; Mink; Fox; Poultry; Fish | ||||
| Abstract | Measuring HPA axis activity is the standard approach to the study of stress and welfare in farm animals. Although the reference technique is the use of blood plasma to measure glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol or corticosterone), several alternative methods such as the measurement of corticosteroids in saliva, urine or faeces have been developed to overcome the stress induced by blood sampling itself. In chronic stress situations, as is frequently the case in studies about farm animal welfare, hormonal secretions are usually unchanged but dynamic testing allows the demonstration of functional changes at several levels of the system, including the sensitization of the adrenal cortex to ACTH and the resistance of the axis to feedback inhibition by corticosteroids (dexamethasone suppression test). Beyond these procedural aspects, the main pitfall in the use of HPA axis activity is in the interpretation of experimental data. The large variability of the system has to be taken into consideration, since corticosteroid hormone secretion is usually pulsatile, follows diurnal and seasonal rhythms, is influenced by feed intake and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, age and physiological state, just to cite the main sources of variation. The corresponding changes reflect the important role of glucocorticoid hormones in a number of basic physiological processes such as energy metabolism and central nervous system functioning. Furthermore, large differences have been found across species, breeds and individuals, which reflect the contribution of genetic factors and environmental influences, especially during development, in HPA axis functioning. Usually, these results will be integrated with data from behavioral observation, production and pathology records in a comprehensive approach of farm animal welfare. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4454 | ||
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| Author | Forkman, B.; Boissy, A.; Meunier-Salaün, M.-C.; Canali, E.; Jones, R.B. | ||||
| Title | A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
Physiology & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume | 92 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 340-374 |
| Keywords | Fear; Cattle; Sheep; Pig; Poultry; Horse; Open field; Tonic immobility; Novel object | ||||
| Abstract | FORKMAN, B., A., BOISSY, M.-C., SALAUN, E., CANALI, AND R.B., JONES. A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 000-000, 2007. Fear is arguably the most commonly investigated emotion in domestic animals. In the current review we attempt to establish the level of repeatability and validity found for fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, poultry and horses. We focus the review on the three most common types of fear tests: the arena test (open field), the novel object test, and the restraint test. For some tests, e.g. tonic immobility in poultry, there is a good and broad literature on factors that affect the outcome of the test, the validity of the test and its age dependency. However, there are comparatively few of these well defined and validated tests and what is especially missing for most tests is information on the robustness, i.e., what aspects can be changed without affecting the validity of the tests. The relative absence of standardized tests hampers the development of applied ethology as a science. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0031-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4811 | ||
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| Author | Whiten, A.; van Schaik, C.P. | ||||
| Title | The evolution of animal 'cultures' and social intelligence | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
| Volume | 362 | Issue | 1480 | Pages | 603-620 |
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| Abstract | Decades-long field research has flowered into integrative studies that, together with experimental evidence for the requisite social learning capacities, have indicated a reliance on multiple traditions ('cultures') in a small number of species. It is increasingly evident that there is great variation in manifestations of social learning, tradition and culture among species, offering much scope for evolutionary analysis. Social learning has been identified in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate species, yet sustained traditions appear rarer, and the multiple traditions we call cultures are rarer still. Here, we examine relationships between this variation and both social intelligence-sophisticated information processing adapted to the social domain-and encephalization. First, we consider whether culture offers one particular confirmation of the social ('Machiavellian') intelligence hypothesis that certain kinds of social life (here, culture) select for intelligence: 'you need to be smart to sustain culture'. Phylogenetic comparisons, particularly focusing on our own study animals, the great apes, support this, but we also highlight some paradoxes in a broader taxonomic survey. Second, we use intraspecific variation to address the converse hypothesis that 'culture makes you smart', concluding that recent evidence for both chimpanzees and orang-utans support this proposition. | ||||
| Address | Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0962-8436 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17255007 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 729 | ||
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| Author | Dunbar, R.I.M.; Shultz, S. | ||||
| Title | Understanding primate brain evolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
| Volume | 362 | Issue | 1480 | Pages | 649-658 |
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| Abstract | We present a detailed reanalysis of the comparative brain data for primates, and develop a model using path analysis that seeks to present the coevolution of primate brain (neocortex) and sociality within a broader ecological and life-history framework. We show that body size, basal metabolic rate and life history act as constraints on brain evolution and through this influence the coevolution of neocortex size and group size. However, they do not determine either of these variables, which appear to be locked in a tight coevolutionary system. We show that, within primates, this relationship is specific to the neocortex. Nonetheless, there are important constraints on brain evolution; we use path analysis to show that, in order to evolve a large neocortex, a species must first evolve a large brain to support that neocortex and this in turn requires adjustments in diet (to provide the energy needed) and life history (to allow sufficient time both for brain growth and for 'software' programming). We review a wider literature demonstrating a tight coevolutionary relationship between brain size and sociality in a range of mammalian taxa, but emphasize that the social brain hypothesis is not about the relationship between brain/neocortex size and group size per se; rather, it is about social complexity and we adduce evidence to support this. Finally, we consider the wider issue of how mammalian (and primate) brains evolve in order to localize the social effects. | ||||
| Address | British Academy Centenary Research Project, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0962-8436 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17301028 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2099 | |||
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| Author | Holekamp, K.E.; Sakai, S.T.; Lundrigan, B.L. | ||||
| Title | Social intelligence in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
| Volume | 362 | Issue | 1480 | Pages | 523-538 |
| Keywords | Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cercopithecinae/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Decision Making/physiology; Hyaenidae/anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Intelligence; *Recognition (Psychology); *Social Behavior; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | If the large brains and great intelligence characteristic of primates were favoured by selection pressures associated with life in complex societies, then cognitive abilities and nervous systems with primate-like attributes should have evolved convergently in non-primate mammals living in large, elaborate societies in which social dexterity enhances individual fitness. The societies of spotted hyenas are remarkably like those of cercopithecine primates with respect to size, structure and patterns of competition and cooperation. These similarities set an ideal stage for comparative analysis of social intelligence and nervous system organization. As in cercopithecine primates, spotted hyenas use multiple sensory modalities to recognize their kin and other conspecifics as individuals, they recognize third-party kin and rank relationships among their clan mates, and they use this knowledge adaptively during social decision making. However, hyenas appear to rely more intensively than primates on social facilitation and simple rules of thumb in social decision making. No evidence to date suggests that hyenas are capable of true imitation. Finally, it appears that the gross anatomy of the brain in spotted hyenas might resemble that in primates with respect to expansion of frontal cortex, presumed to be involved in the mediation of social behaviour. | ||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. holekamp@msu.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0962-8436 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17289649 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4719 | ||
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| Author | Byrne, R.W. | ||||
| Title | Culture in great apes: using intricate complexity in feeding skills to trace the evolutionary origin of human technical prowess | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
| Volume | 362 | Issue | 1480 | Pages | 577-585 |
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| Abstract | Geographical cataloguing of traits, as used in human ethnography, has led to the description of “culture” in some non-human great apes. Culture, in these terms, is detected as a pattern of local ignorance resulting from environmental constraints on knowledge transmission. However, in many cases, the geographical variations may alternatively be explained by ecology. Social transmission of information can reliably be identified in many other animal species, by experiment or distinctive patterns in distribution; but the excitement of detecting culture in great apes derives from the possibility of understanding the evolution of cumulative technological culture in humans. Given this interest, I argue that great ape research should concentrate on technically complex behaviour patterns that are ubiquitous within a local population; in these cases, a wholly non-social ontogeny is highly unlikely. From this perspective, cultural transmission has an important role in the elaborate feeding skills of all species of great ape, in conveying the “gist” or organization of skills. In contrast, social learning is unlikely to be responsible for local stylistic differences, which are apt to reflect sensitive adaptations to ecology. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3527 | ||
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