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	Author	Emery, N.J.; Clayton, N.S.; Frith, C.D.
	Title	Introduction. Social intelligence: from brain to culture			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Philos Trans R Soc B	Abbreviated Journal	Philos Trans R Soc B
	Volume	362	Issue		Pages
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Emery2007			Serial	6302
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	Author	J. Keay-Bright, J.B.
	Title	The influence of land management on soil erosion in the Sneeuberg Mountains, Central Karoo, South Africa			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Land Degradation & Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	18	Issue	4	Pages	423-439
	Keywords
	Abstract	Farm practices in the Sneeuberg Mountains, Karoo, South Africa are examined to assess their contribution to the development of the observed gullies and badlands. Data from the literature is augmented by interviews with local farmers and measurements in the field. Changes in stocking rates, grazing systems and technological advances are assessed for their impact on soil erosion, vegetation cover and species composition. The possibility of natural and managed rehabilitation of badland areas is discussed, as are future prospects for farm management in the Sneeuberg. The findings suggest that high stock numbers and less benign management practices in the 19th century and the early 20th century underlie much of the degradation seen today. Copyright – 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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	ISSN	1099-145x	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ J.Keay-Bright2007			Serial	3548
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	Author	King, S.R.B.; Gurnell, J.
	Title	*Scent-marking behaviour by stallions: an assessment of function in a reintroduced population of Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal	J Zool
	Volume	272	Issue	1	Pages	30-36
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract Scent marking is a common form of intraspecific communication in mammal species, and using faeces or urine is a cost-effective way of signalling competitive ability and resource holding power. Marking is ritually performed by male equids, and here we assess the function of male scent-marking behaviour in a recently introduced population of Przewalski horses Equus ferus przewalskii in Mongolia. Two forms of scent marking were observed: defecation on stud piles formed from repeated dunging in the same place, and overmarking of faeces and urine of mares. Stud piles were marked with dung by the harem holder and sniffed before and after dung was deposited. They were not found specifically at the periphery of harem ranges but occurred for the most part along routes used by the horses, and were more common in the core parts of harem ranges or where harem ranges overlapped. Thus, rather than being used to defend range boundaries, stud piles were placed predominantly where they would be encountered by male intruders. Mare excreta were covered with urine by the stallion, but were only sniffed before they were marked, not after. These marks appear to advertise to the mare and other, intruding stallions that the harem holder was the mare's consort and that the interloper should not risk trying to steal the mare or sneak a mating. Thus, the two forms of marking by harem holders appear to combine as first and second lines of defence of paternity rights in male intrasexual competition.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ King2007			Serial	2315
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	Author	Palacios, V.; Font, E.; Marquez, R.
	Title	Iberian wolf howls: acoustic structure, individual variation, and a comparison with North American populations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	J Mammal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	88	Issue		Pages
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Palacios2007			Serial	6469
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	Author	Penn, D.C.; Povinelli, D.J.
	Title	Causal Cognition in Human and Nonhuman Animals: A Comparative, Critical Review			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Annual Review of Psychology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	58	Issue	1	Pages	97-118
	Keywords
	Abstract	In this article, we review some of the most provocative experimental results to have emerged from comparative labs in the past few years, starting with research focusing on contingency learning and finishing with experiments exploring nonhuman animals' understanding of causal-logical relations. Although the theoretical explanation for these results is often inchoate, a clear pattern nevertheless emerges. The comparative evidence does not fit comfortably into either the traditional associationist or inferential alternatives that have dominated comparative debate for many decades now. Indeed, the similarities and differences between human and nonhuman causal cognition seem to be much more multifarious than these dichotomous alternatives allow.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Penn2007			Serial	2974
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	Author	Pérez-Barbería, F.J.; Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I.
	Title	Evidence for coevolution of sociality and relative brain size in three orders of mammals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	61	Issue		Pages
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Pérez-Barbería2007			Serial	6221
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	Author	Fischhoff, I.R.; Sundaresan, S.R.; Cordingley, J.; Larkin, H.M.; Sellier, M.-J.; Rubenstein, D.I.
	Title	Social relationships and reproductive state influence leadership roles in movements of plains zebra, Equus burchellii			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	73	Issue	5	Pages	825-831
	Keywords	collective movements; drinking; equid; Equus burchellii; foraging; group dynamics; motivation; plains zebra; reproductive status; social relationships
	Abstract	In animal groups, collective movements emerge from individual interactions. Biologists seek to identify how characteristics of actors in these groups, and their relationships, influence the decision-making process. We distinguished two basic factors determining leadership in group choices: identity and state. We hypothesized that identity is more important to leadership in groups with stable relationships, which permit the development of habitual roles. In groups with fluid membership, particular individuals or subgroups are less likely to emerge as consistent leaders. Instead, we predicted that movement initiation in unstable groups depends on individual state at the time of the decision. We characterized how identity and reproductive state influenced leadership patterns in the movements of plains zebra. As in many other mammals, lactation in this species significantly alters water and energy needs. We investigated leadership in tightly knit harems and loosely bonded herds of multiple harems. Harem females tended to have habitual roles in the initiation of harem movement. In herds, however, we found no consistent leaders among harems. At both levels of social organization, lactation was a key determinant of leadership. In harems, lactating females were more likely to initiate movement than nonlactating females. In turn, harems containing lactating females were more likely to lead herd movements. Thus, we conclude that social relationships and reproductive state together shape the interactions that produce group behaviours. One benefit to lactating females of leading herd movements is preferential access to scarce water. Thus, leadership roles in group decisions may have fitness consequences.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.092			Serial	1825
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	Author	Gorecka, A.; Golonka, M.; Chruszczewski, M.; Jezierski, T.
	Title	A note on behaviour and heart rate in horses differing in facial hair whorl			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	105	Issue	1-3	Pages	244-248
	Keywords	Horse; Hair whorls; Behavioural tests; Reactivity; Heart rate
	Abstract	The relationship between facial hair whorl position and reactivity, as assessed by behavioural measures (handling score = HS; startle reaction to a suddenly appearing novel object = SR; latency to touch a novel object = LNO) and heart rate measures (mean HR; increase in heart rate = IHR) were studied using 55 Konik horses reared either under conventional stable conditions or in the forest reserve. Horses were classified into four groups according to the whorl position and/or shape: (1) high, single whorl above the top eye line, n = 9; (2) medium, single whorl between the top and the bottom eye line, n = 30; (3) low, single whorl below the bottom eye line, n = 10; and (4) elongated or double whorl, n = 6. Horses with a high whorl position demonstrated a lesser degree of manageability as expressed by a lower HS compared to individuals with medium (P = 0.002) or low whorl positions (P = 0.016). Horses with different whorl positions did not differ significantly in their startle response to a suddenly appearing novel object (P = 0.685). The horses with an elongated or double whorl, which appeared only in the forest group, took significantly longer to approach the novel object than horses with medium (P = 0.006) or low (P = 0.005) whorl positions. No significant differences in mean HR and IHR between groups (HR: P = 0.629 and IHR: P = 0.214) were found. In conclusion, this study supports the relationship between the position of the hair whorl on the horses' head and their manageability during handling, as well as the latency to approach an unknown object.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	460
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	Author	Spadavecchia, C.; Arendt-Nielsen, L.; Spadavecchia, L.; Mosing, M.; Auer, U.; van den Hoven, R.
	Title	Effects of butorphanol on the withdrawal reflex using threshold, suprathreshold and repeated subthreshold electrical stimuli in conscious horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Anaesth Analg
	Volume	34	Issue	1	Pages	48-58
	Keywords	Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology; Animals; Butorphanol/pharmacology; Consciousness; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Female; Forelimb/physiology; Horses/physiology; Male; Pain/veterinary; Pain Threshold/drug effects; Reflex/drug effects
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of a single intravenous dose of butorphanol (0.1 mg kg(-1)) on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) using threshold, suprathreshold and repeated subthreshold electrical stimuli in conscious horses. STUDY DESIGN: 'Unblinded', prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Ten adult horses, five geldings and five mares, mean body mass 517 kg (range 487-569 kg). METHODS: The NWR was elicited using single transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the palmar digital nerve. Repeated stimulations were applied to evoke temporal summation. Surface electromyography was performed to record and quantify the responses of the common digital extensor muscle to stimulation and behavioural reactions were scored. Before butorphanol administration and at fixed time points up to 2 hours after injection, baseline threshold intensities for NWR and temporal summation were defined and single suprathreshold stimulations applied. Friedman repeated-measures analysis of variance on ranks and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used with the Student-Newman-Keul's method applied post-hoc. The level of significance (alpha) was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Butorphanol did not modify either the thresholds for NWR and temporal summation or the reaction scores, but the difference between suprathreshold and threshold reflex amplitudes was reduced when single stimulation was applied. Upon repeated stimulation after butorphanol administration, a significant decrease in the relative amplitude was calculated for both the 30-80 and the 80-200 millisecond intervals after each stimulus, and for the whole post-stimulation interval in the right thoracic limb. In the left thoracic limb a decrease in the relative amplitude was found only in the 30-80 millisecond epoch. CONCLUSION: Butorphanol at 0.1 mg kg(-1) has no direct action on spinal Adelta nociceptive activity but may have some supraspinal effects that reduce the gain of the nociceptive system. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Butorphanol has minimal effect on sharp immediate Adelta-mediated pain but may alter spinal processing and decrease the delayed sensations of pain.
	Address	Anesthesiology Section, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. claudia.spadavecchia@veths.no
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1467-2987	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17238962			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	92
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	Author	Bonnie, K.E.; Horner, V.; Whiten, A.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Spread of arbitrary conventions among chimpanzees: a controlled experiment			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	274	Issue	1608	Pages	367-372
	Keywords
	Abstract	Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have a rich cultural repertoire--traditions common in some communities are not present in others. The majority of reports describe functional, material traditions, such as tool use. Arbitrary conventions have received far less attention. In the same way that observations of material culture in wild apes led to experiments to confirm social transmission and identify underlying learning mechanisms, experiments investigating how arbitrary habits or conventions arise and spread within a group are also required. The few relevant experimental studies reported thus far have relied on cross-species (i.e. human-ape) interaction offering limited ecological validity, and no study has successfully generated a tradition not involving tool use in an established group. We seeded one of two rewarded alternative endpoints to a complex sequence of behaviour in each of two chimpanzee groups. Each sequence spread in the group in which it was seeded, with many individuals unambiguously adopting the sequence demonstrated by a group member. In one group, the alternative sequence was discovered by a low ranking female, but was not learned by others. Since the action-sequences lacked meaning before the experiment and had no logical connection with reward, chimpanzees must have extracted both the form and benefits of these sequences through observation of others.
	Address	Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. kebonni@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:17164200			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	157
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